Janus

3 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Janus. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

one of the divinities " Fire re-goddess of ancient Rome, and the only one having rather her dorin no equivalent in the Grecian mythology. He was represented as a son of Apollo, Climate Kmate and as having built a small town on the est and and Tiber, which he called Janiculum. As ocean the name implies, Janus was the god of ( " Black and gates, and in token of his ofof his ofa key in his hand. The first The fiest of the English year receives its receives t from him, and he presided over the over the every day and the commencethe ar mmenceevery undertaking. Janus was Janus was represented with two heads, looko heads, lookopposite directions. His temple His temple was kept open in the time of the time of war, and shut in time of peace. peace. , THOMAS ALLIBONE, ALLIBONS, American author; born in Philadelborn in Philadel ., July 16, 1849; received a com- 349; received a comeducation; engaged in newson; engaged in newswork in his native city in 1870native city in 1870lived in New York during most of York during most of 1884-1894, and then went 894, and then went He is the author of " Color he author of "Color ( 1885);; " The Mexican Guide " The Mexican Guide" " " The Aztec Treasure House " tec Treasure House" Stories of Old New Spain" of Old New Spain" " In Old New York " ( 1894); " In ew York" (1894); "In Sargasso Sea " ( 1898); " The Pass- (1898); "The Pass- Thomas and Other Stories " and Other Stories" " From the South of France " he South of France" " At the Casa Napoleon " ( 1914). Napoleon" (1914). , an island empire in the North d empire in the North Ocean, off the Asiatic coast. the Asiatic coast. Area and to-The total area, Japan proper, Korea, Formosa, Population. The total area, opor, Korea, Formosa, , Kwantung, and Pescadores, is g, and Pescadoren, is square miles. The population of proper Korea in, 1918 Formosa was, 57,784,935 and, ex- 57,784,985, exthe army and the army population of Korea is about 17,000, is about 17,000, of Formosa about 3,700,000. about 3,700,000. . population Japan proper of Japan consists is about of of Japan is about proper consists of and many smaller islands, ny smaller islands, area of 148,756 square miles. 48,756 square miles. Features. The islands of Ja- The islands of Jachain to of be the mountains highest portions of highest portions of which rises tains which rises deep ocean bed; they are the adbed; they are the adfrontier of the Asiatic continent. Asiatic continen , though dotted with volcanoes, therefore itself of volcanic origin. If of volcanic origini occur very frequently in very frequently in though the W. slope, facing the ope, facing the continent, is exempt. Its plains t. Its plains , with their foliage surpassfoliage surpassrichness that of any other extraother extreregion, its arcadian hillslopes hillslopes - clad heights, give it a claim a claim considered one of the fairest porat por the earth. The sublime cone of cone of Fuji - san ( Fusiyama, Aino, Aino, goddess Mountain "), an extinct or extinct or dormant volcano, rises from the es from the sea to a height of 12,365 feet. . The late autumn is the dritumn is the drimost agreeable season. The esable season. The current known as the Kuroshiwo en as the Kuroshiwo Stream ") considerably modifies 156° Kuru L. 154° E 144° 50C 142 D Tanashi • AKAI OB Ichikawa Owada Nekora Paren K imbashi Gr Kuril Lopatka Saim kuwari Honjie C.Belling Tsilmetiew C. Giotoku hausen To Fuchiu Kanagawa TOKIO Shibuya Str. Tokio Har Fuda Chiba Alaid Str. Tichmenew Meguro Lamagawa Omori S Shinagawa Usuro Sogano Patience Lit. Kuril Stre Hamano Futage Setjutoru C.Patience Yamaia Yeda Bay 449 +C.Tniukuml B Kawasaki A Tsurumi Nagatsuta Nakakuazato Mogun Koman 50 Kusstant Baranowsk SHIRINK I. Anegasaki C.Henry T C.Kapari LOWER PORTION Hodogaya Nakajim تلا Amphitrite Str. Narawa Yokohama OF Ushikuo Totsuka 50 MAKANRUSHIR Yegawa brise Yokom SAKHALIN Narbutschi Asirmintar Vol. Kisaradua Fujisawa Ofuna Galking SCALE OF MILES ONEKOTAN 050 100 anazawa 2 Toorussyr Iwaonobor Yokosuka B Tchibamachi Kururko Kamakura Kannonsakianaki Suttsu Isshik JapanAngied Aniwa C. Lewenorn KHARIMKOTAN 156 Uruga Channel Murawjewsk Barauta C. Tokombo E CHIRINKOTAN EKARMA 1. Kanozan Ogus Uraga Setanai Kuradama Ashina B. Milato tawa Klyodzumi Otome B. SHIASHKOTAN Okushiri Str. OKH Bay C.Siretoko SAGAMI 467 Nakogiriyamayama 152° OKUSHIRI C. Notoro MUSHIR Kudo Misal Honge Ikeda Tsurugizaki C yogatuke Mushir Str. JOGASHIMA La Perouse Strait 1889° Esash Ichiba Mayebara Soyaza N T RAIKOKE 1.° Golownin Str. Eramachi Sarubuts MATAU 18° Nago Aoki Esashi Matsuda C OSHIMA Fukuyama 35 Tateyama-wanHo Nadjeshda Str. 35 Porou Sunozaki RASHAU Tateyama Asahina 154 TOKIO BAY MILES C.King A Fudoyama Senda 3SCALE OF STATUTE * USHISHIR 1. Ketoi Str. Tomamai Mera Shirahama 10 Nojimazaki 142 140° 5 Diana Str. KETOI 1. 150 148° Iwakiyama 146° Gammoritake SHIMOSHIRI KURIL ISLANDS F P C Iturkioi Noshiro 136° Boussole Str. (CHISHIMA) Hachirogat MAKANRURUO 120 Same Scale as Main Map Shinzan Tsuchizaki 40° Funakawa BLACK A ৫ BROTHERS C.Itoientomo C.Nobu Atutsunobori Honjio H F Shiokoshi URUP -46 J C.Okabetou Itrup Str. 4 Mogamigawa E Fujishima C.Nobunotsu Tsurugaok I S Bettolm Sandai or 134° Asamtake 150 SADO Yazaki Furubetsu F C Naibo Har. Murakami! Hitokapu B. Aikawa Ebisa Kunashiri Str. Tanemo ITURUP Niigata 38° Ogi Shibata Rewausi C A A N Sanjoganpo C.Tesiko Shiretokozaki Suzuzaki Teradomari Kashiwazaki Nagaoka Izumozaki Yezo Str. Wajima, Onica KUNASHIRI NOTO PEN Ugetsulida 44 P Urasa Tajima Naoetsu Nanao B. Tokama - thi NEMURO A Furefu B. Togi Tak SHIKOTAN Toyama anao Shiranezan Dainenji Tomari + Schinano Takab Cotsa Nantaizan Shibetsu B Biyama ImaisurOTOYAMA 148 TARAKU I. Toyama Nagano Kanazawa Mikawa SHISHIYO H E SHIBOTSU I. GUMMA 132 ISHIKAWA Bekai Nemuro Taleyama Miyehashi. Komatsu Yururi Daishoji Veda akasaki Kiri Hamanaka S Matsumoto Eплabи 146° Sakai TakayamaAANO yoda Akkeshi OKISHIMA Kyogamizaki SAITAMA Wakasa-wan KOREA Hakuzan Yatsugatake 130 Fukui Kuwaroye To Vladivostok 36 Ono 00. FUKUI Ontake Nirazaki Hamasaka Mineyam To Vladivostok Tsurug Hachion Fukushima Hinomizaki Mikuriya Miy Tottori Kurayosh Toyooka Kofu Akasaki Hachimano Matsuy Shinjo- YAMANASHI Sakai Obamaca GIFU Kajika awa KANAGAW Se-k Kisogar Sambeyama Gifu Nakatsu Fujigama Yokohamays Kizuk Yoshiwara Nianazu Ichinomiya Ogaki onag Nuroya o Caguchi Shimizu RMOTOL Einkuchiyama, Omori KOREA Goyawa Hikene Hamada Atsuts Suruga-wan HYOGO to SHIGA Kuze MAICHI Shidzuoka 6 Masudahone Otsu (umi OKAYAMA Saseyamar OkazakiSHIDZVOK Kobatake Okayam • Fushimi Yokkaich Takatsu Kobe Osaka Kakegawa Shimoda Handa Takahashi Himeli Miyoshio Hamamateu Toyohash HIROSHIMA Ama Irozakj Akash Totomi- Nara T Ha Sakai IT Kurashikio nada NARA Unmada Kisuwada Tauwan Hiroshima Hagi TSUSHIMA SOZU Yoshino WAJI Onomichi Marugame Sumot Sh Takeshiki Idzuhara / Shimonoseki Gojo Toyour (YAMAGUCHI Iwaki fh Goza Daiozaki AGAWA Wakayama MIYAKESHIMA hinegawa Muya Yamaguchi R 34 EUMO Kawanoo Tokuyama. IKISHIMA AS Tokushima Mitajiru WAKAYAMA Matsuyaton S TOKUSHIMA Tanane Moji Genkai-Suo-nada Kinomoto In and nada Nakatsu Katsumura Gunchu -Kocht Hiwasa FUKUOKA Lakata Kushimoto F aok Fukuoka Tang Shishikai Kitsuki 138° Longitude Hiji Shionomizaki Urado AGA Sakinohama Yaswata-hom Kurume Oitu Kure Suzaki I 7 Sasebo Murotozaki Yanagawa Shimabara Isurusak... AGOTOSHIMA SHIKOKU Kujusan Takeda Usnk 124 136° -Bungo-nada Kubokawa Sukumdo NAGASAKIN RALEIGH 1. Takase B C Tokitsu Asotake Sulki Makamura Kumamoto "Nagasaki 18 Lis 122 NS Shamabara AGINCOURT HOA-PIN-SU T Kuma ta Sadazaki Shangh Amakusanada sushir Hakuzan Nobeoka 134 EAS CRAIG Tomioka Yatsushir Re-lung Miantsu AMAKUSASH MALUMAMOTO A Ushibuka Sasiklohibaзanata Tamsui STRIT D Bito-Kaku Taikok Shinchiku ALHOKU N Sadowara 300 NAGASHIMA Coyoah), MIYAZAKI Takanabe Chureki Cable San-tiau ERABUSHIMA Taikokan GIRAS NISHIKATAN Akube KAGO- Kirishima Hirose 399 A KOSHIKIA SHIMA Miyakonojo Miyazaki N TARAMASHIMA Giran SHIMA OKIUSHIU Ichiku Kajiki Soo Byoritsu NAMBU Orumidzu o Kagoshima Kalisan Shibushi YONAKUNISHIMA ISHIGAKISHIMA Taiko Setsusan Kaseda Toizaki Ishigaki IRIOMOTOSHIMA P Gyabat ya Ariakeno-ura KUROSHIMA MIYOKO Bonomisaki Shinjo Pescadores Channel Uchinoura Rokko Taiwan Kagoshima-wan 24° NAMITERUMA 8 ashiki Shoka Diemen Str. TAICHU Karenko TAIWAN KUROSHIMA A IWOSHIMA Van Chukairel PESCADORES IS. Akaogi Tarimu (FORMOSA) MAKESHIMA Mujanoura, FISCHER Tokan-san Basshisho TANEGASHIMA TROPIC OF CANCER KUCHINOERABU Masuda S Kai NANSEI SHIMA Nishinomura Niitakayama YAKUSHIMA Vincennes Str. TAISHO 1. H Colnett! Str. An-pingCainan Seiko-wan AND 30 Dai-to 30 KUCHINGSHIMA FORM Banshoryo TAIWAN B Toran Akoten NAKANOSHIMA Kyujo Pinan KASHOTO 4 Hosan SUWASE-MUNINTOSHIMA Takau Same Scale as Toko 9 Paroye Botansha. LAMBAY!. Fuko East FO Longitude E 124° Teroso Koshun Garampi D 122° 120° C 132° 1008 aya Sova manzof B. G Wakkana Chietomanai 146° J H REBUNSHIRI Bakkai Sarubustu Tombetsu Poronup Teshogawa Rewausi C. Shiretokozaki Esashi Moimoto C. Chikaptomuushi Teshio Wembetsu hachanobori Pk sirusushinobor! Yezo Str Furebetsu Mombetsu fau (St. Antony Yubetsu Shari Bay Tukoro Abashiri -44- Walfisch B. Shikotan Channel Tomamai Onishika Teshlotake Saruma Tomari Rurumoppe TSHIKARI Nutapkaushi Atosanobo Shibetsu TARAKU Mashike Kakkum Nisekauship SHIBOTSU Kusidr dokkai Sarachifuto Noshapzaki Mashikeyama Meakantake Ishikari Nemuro Kamuizaki Bay Asahika Atenta Shibet cha Optateshipe Otashinal KUSHIRO Otchishi Inaushio Inaush 2 amanaka Porena Hurupiravama Shiranuks Yubaritake Otaru Kushiro Akkeshi wamiza Nitumap Shakbetuu Iwana Sapporo.d Tova Sea Tarumalo Tomakomai Kanmitake Tokachi A N A Otsu Tokachigawa HIDAKA MINIHS Shikiu Saro Peruhune Aputa Volcano Mombetsu Takae Moyoro 42 Mororan Ubahu B Urakawa Shoja Shamani Mori Komagatake Horoizumi Yerimozaki OSHIMA To Esanzaki sugar Omazaki Hakodate Shirlichi Str. Obata Shiriyuzaki 3 Ominato Tanabe Rikuoku Kanitu Tomari Kotomari M E Goshogawara Aavomoni Noveji Aщomob Kogawaranuma Ajigasawa Shiekinohe Minato Hirosaki Yuisukota Hachinohe Sammoker Odate Kemanal Karamai 40 Ichinohe Kuji Hanawu Ani Moriyoshizan oda C Okawa Ganjuzan Omoto Gojanome Alsta / Morioka Miyako ARITAIWATE Yamada Kasiwano Shizukuishi Hegcchinezan 4 Kamaishi Wokote Midzarnawa Yuzawa esennuma Komagatake Sakaiu Koidzumi Shinj Motoyoshi YAMAGATA Veoh Ashinomaki Gwaszan Sagaye Tendo JAPAN 38 Sendai dai Yamagata M Komatsu C Yonezawa Shiraishi SCALE OF STATUTE MILES Nakamura Fukushima 150 100 50 Bandalzan Nihominatsu Odaka 25 0 Miharu SCALE OF KILOMETERS Wakamatsuc Kerijama wadashiro - ko 150 FUKUSHIMA Hirono 100 50 0 5 Sukagawa Important towns are shown in heavy face type Taira o Shirakawa Railways shown thus Yamizoyama Onahama Cape or Point Nikko Yaita Saki, Zaki or Misaki TO HIGI Takanagi Shima Island; Ko Lake Ujue Karasuvama 144° Ota Utsunomiya Minato 130° • Toulig LINSCHOTEN KOTAKARASHIMA Mito Koga Co Tahibka 36 Tsuchiura To Kiusiu TAKARASHIMA Umwa Toney ISLANDS Bawara TOKIO Take Choshi Inuboesakl KAMINONESHIMA Sokerd Kasarizaki Tokio By Chiba Togane AMAMIOSHIMA nami ORIBA Ichinomiya 200 KAKEROMASHIMA Isintidzu Aomi 6 Odaklo 128° Yokosuka Kominato 10 Sagaminada HOKUBU-SHOTO 142 Inokawa NORTHERN GROUP TOKUNOSHIM OSHIMA Kametsu Cable C Greenwich SHICHI - TO S OKINOERABUSHIMA Wadomari NUSHIMA KODZUSHIMA MONTGOMERY YORONSHIMA Chim- TSUBU-SHOTO IS. ☑ YESHIMA Hetozaki East 140° from MIKURASHIMA 1 126° N A Ogimi) Naga-wan 0 PROVGREAT RIU-KIU GROUP OKINAWASHIMA OR 7 wan C Yomitanza Nalia I KUMESHIMA MIDDLE GROUP KERAMASHIMA -26- CH 1 E Cable PACIFIC W A + MIYAKOSHIMA + 130 H 128° Hiyakunazaki Hirogariyama - SHOTO Urakami 8 Koura YKIMA Koye OR NOSHIMA GROUP Masayama Fukuda Jura NAGASAKI Inasa SOUTHERN GROUP Funatsu 24 Tsumujiyama OCEAN Nagasaki Harbor Fakudazaki Akanoura Tategani Dock Owara Kannonzaki Naminohira Tomachi ISLANDS MATSUSHIMA Mushinoyama 4 KAMINOSHIMA TAKABOKO Yoneyama 9 KAGENOSHIMA Kogakura SENBOR PEN. KOYAKISHIMA. Main Map NAGASAKI and Vicinity SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 126° Greenwich G 3 F. from the climate of the S. E. coast; thus, while snow seldom lies more than five inches deep at Tokyo, in the upper valleys of Kaga, near the W. coast, 18 and 20 feet are common. The E. coast of Yezo is visited by a cold current from the Kuriles, which renders the climate foggy in summer and retards cultivation. The rainfall, which varies much in different years, is on an average 62 inches. No month passes without rain; but it is most plentiful in summer. Mineralogy. The mineral resources of Japan are considerable. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, antimony, tin, sulphur, coal, basalt, felspar, greenstones, granites (red and gray), rock crystal, agate, carnelian, amber, scoriæ and pumice stone, talc, alum, etc., are found in greater or less quantities. Coalbeds extend from Nagasaki to Yezo, near Sapporo, in Yezo. and Industry. About Production three-fifths of the land is cultivated by peasant proprietors, and the remaining portion by tenants. In 1919 about 30,- 000,000 acres were owned by private persons, of which about 10,000,000 were under cultivation. The leading agricultural crops are rice, wheat, barley, rye, tobacco, and tea. The production of rice in 1918 was 34,187,000 quarters; of wheat, 4,053,420 quarters; of barley, about 5,000,000 quarters; of rye, about 5,000,000 quarters; of tobacco, about 850,000 quarters; and of tea, about 765,- 000 hundredweight. The total number of horses was about 1,300,000, and of cattle about 1,600,000. The chief mineral products in 1918, with their values, were as follows: gold, 10,240,591 yen; copper, 90,390,232 yen; steel, 113,619,- 943 yen; pig iron, 38,091,576 yen. Other products of importance are coal, 286,- 032,425 yen; petroleum, 30,479,097 yen; sulphur, antimony, and iron pyrites. There were about 250,000 men employed in collieries, and about 170,000 in metal mines. Government and Administration.- The government is a hereditary monarchy, the succession being now exclusively in the male line. The cabinet consists of 9 ministers of state, presided over by a minister president, their departments being Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, Interior, Finance, War, Navy, Justice, Education, Agriculture and Comnerce, Communications (post and telegraph, etc.). There is also a privycouncil, mostly composed of former ministers of state. The constitution, laid out on German lines, is jealously careful of the supremacy of the throne. The imperial diet consists of two Houses, and its approval is necessary for the passing of every 17, debates being held in public. The first general election took place in 1890; provincial assemblies were instituted in 1879. For administrative purposes Japan is divided into ken or prefectures and fu or city governments. Railways. The railway system began with two lines, one from Tokyo to Yokohama, and the other from Hyōgo to Osaka and Kyōto. In 1877 a great impetus was given to railway construction by the formation of private companies. There were in 1919 5,999 miles of state railway, 1,835 miles of railway owned by private companies, or a total of 7,834 miles. In 1920 the construction of five railway lines in Manchuria and Mongolia was begun. Education.- Elementary education is compulsory. There are about 7,500,000 pupils in the elementary schools, and about 165,000 teachers. In special technical schools there are about 400,000 pupils, with about 6,000 teachers. The total number of children of school age is about 10,000,000. There are four universities, Tokio Imperial University, Kyoto Imperial University, Tohuku Imperial University, and Kyushu Imperial University. In these universities there are about 10,000 students, with about 900 instructors. Beginning in 1919-20, the government devoted 44,000,000 yen to extend higher education. There is a special education system in Formosa. Army and Navy-See ARMY; NAVY. Finance. The estimated revenue for the year ending March 30, 1920, was 1,064,190,340 yen. The chief revenues are derived from taxes, from state property, post and telegraphs, and from monopolies. The chief expenditures are for administration, education, and communication. The public debt on March 31, 1919, was 2,579,946,478 yen. Religions. There are two prevailing religions in Japan-Shinto or Kami no Michi ("The way of the gods"), the indigenous faith; and Buddhism, introduced from China in 552. (1) Shintôism: The characteristics of Shintôism in its pure form are "the absence of an ethical and doctrinal code, of idol worship, of priestcraft, aft, and of any teachings concerning a future state, and the deification of heroes, emperors, and great men, together with the worship of certain forces and objects in nature." The principal divinity is the sun goddess Amaterasu, from whom the Mikado is held to be descended. (2) Buddhism: Of Buddhists there are no fewer than 35 sects. The monks have assumed the functions of priests, and Japanese Buddhist worship presents striking resemblances to that of the Roman Catholic Church religion. Buddhism is still the dominant were tion is extended among the people. Full tolera- ports at to all forms of religious ports all forms belief, in so far as they do not conflict they do n British with the peace and order of the commu- The chief order of th nity. Francis Xavier introduced Chriser introdu States, tianity in 1549, but his work was extinhis work dia, and guished in blood, till scarcely a trace of 1 scarcely 1919 were it was left. Of the Protestant missions Protestan rice, plates, ports of and peas hemp. 623,919,491 883 yen; yen. cotton refined sugar. History present ascended legendary 1,000 years fore A. D. ary. In said to Korea, by the tion, the and " 285. In from Korea the dhist ernment. lations China, thereafter time ( held sway one or barons powerful abeyance, astute 1598, SHINTO PRIEST, JAPAN 1603 by ST, JAPAN ous general the Presbyterians, five sects working toe secta wo lasting gether, and the American Congregationcican Cong who first alists are the most flourishing. The flomishl 1543, American and Canadian Methodists, the by - and - by ian Metho Baptists, Episcopalians, and others are and ordered also actively at work. terdicted Manufactures. - The latest industrial latest that foreigners census was made in 1917. There were 1917 while their 20,966 factories employing more than 10 the political hands each. The total number of em- Japan. ployees was 1,280,964. The chief manufrequent The factures were woven goods, silk goods, goods, their religion woolen goods, Japan paper, European From this paper, paper, matches, earthenware, matting, maintained chenware, oil, knitting products, etc. There were tion, till etc. 9 sugar factories in 1918. The products 918. The awakened were valued at 75,935,000 yen. 000yen security COMMERCE. The total imports in 1917 tal import into the valued at 217,331,933, and the ex- 381,938, and the e £ 209,887,261. The chief im- 261. The chief in were from the United States, the United State India, China, and Great Britain. and Great Britai exports were to the United e to the Unite China, Great Britain, British Inain, British In France. The chief imports in The chief imports raw cotton, 667,866,651 yen; on, 667,866,601 yзг 162,220,404 yen; iron bar, wrought n; iron bar, wrough etc., 156,579,108 yen. Other im- 9,108 yen. Other in importance were sugar, beans sugar, bean e , wool, machinery, coal, flax and chinery, coal, flaz an The chief exports were raw silk, xports were raw sill yen; cotton tissues, 280,061, tton tissues, 280,061 silk manufactures, 101,539,277 ufactures, 101,539,27 Other exports of importance were s of importance wer yarn, coal, matches, earthenware, matches, earthenware . The reputed founder of the puted founder of th dynasty was Jimmu Tenno, who as Jimmu Tenno, wh the throne in 660 B. C. The he in 660 b. c. Th epoch continues for more than ntinues for more than , and all Japanese history be- Japanese history be 500 is to be classed as legendbe classed as legend A. D. 201 the Empress Jing ngo is the Empress Jingö i have invaded and conquered raded and conqueres and this expedition was followed pedition was follower introduction of Korean civilizaof Korean civiliza sacred Chinese books " Rongo " inese books "Rongo" Senjimon " arriving from Korea in iving from Korea in 552 Buddhism was introduced m was introduce , and became 40 years later, 40 years later established religion. In 624 a Bud- In 624 a Bud hierarchy was established by govblished by gov- Shortly before this direct redirect re had been entered upon with upon with and Chinese civilization was civilization was rapidly assimilated. At one imilated. At one 1333-1392) two puppet - dynasties two puppet-dynasties , the North and the South, to rth and the South, to the other of which the feudal of which the feudal rallied. The shogunate, made The shogunate, made ma tomo, itself tself fell into by Yoritomo Yoritomo,, itself fell into but the military genius and military genius and policy of Hideyoshi, who died in Lideyoshi, who died in prepared the way for its revival in way for its revival in Tokugawa Iyeyasu, the illustri- Iyeyasu, the illustriand statesman who gave a tatesman who gave a peace to Japan. The Portuguese, pan. The Portuguese, landed in Japan in the year in Japan in the year carried on a lucrative trade; but lucrative trade; but the ruling powers took alarm, powers took alarm. away all foreigners, and inigners, and inal Christianity ( 1624), believing nity (1624), believing impoverished the country, overished the country. religion struck at the root of uck at the root of and religious systems of gious systems of The Portuguese continued to ese continued to Japan till 1638, when they and 1638, when they and vere finally expelled. finally expelled. were date the Japanese government e Japanese government the most rigid policy of isolast rigid policy of isola- 1853, when they were rudely hen they were rudely from their dream of peace and dream of peace and by Commodore Perry steaming modore Perry steaming harbor of Uraga with a squad- Uraga with a squadron of United States war vessels. He extorted a treaty from the frightened Shôgun, March 31, 1854, and Japan, after a withdrawal of 216 years, entered once more the family of nations. Other countries slowly followed the example of the United States till 16 in all had obtained the same privileges. The assassination in 1877 of Okubo, chief of the party whose reforms gave rise to the Satsuma rebellion, was fol- TEMPLE AT YEYASOU, JAPAN lowed 12 years later by the assassination of Viscount Mori, a cabinet minister. The court no longer live in seclusion. The emperor and empress have visited all the chief institutions and are present at public spectacles. The crown prince, Haru, was the first in the long dynasty to be educated at a public school. A new nobility was created in 1884, drawn partly from the old feudal baronage and partly from the new men of 1868, who send representatives to the newly created Vol. V-Cyc-P Upper Chamber. The nation is itself divided into three classes, Kwazoku ("nobility"), Shizoku ("gentry"), and Heimin ("commonalty"). Officials are of four classes, shinnin, chokunin, sōnin, and hannin. Officials constitute the flower of the nation; class jealousy is absent, careers being open to the poorest. The main results of the triumphant war with China in 1894-1895 were the war indemnity, and the acquisition of For- Japan was visited by a terribk mosa. earthquake in 1892; and in June, 1896, an earthquake wave cost 10,000 lives. From 1897 to 1900 the question of Korea was warmly debated between Japan and ar broke out Russia. On Jan. 8, 1904, between Russia and Japan, and this was terminated by the treaty of Portsmouth Sept. 5, 1905. The losses of Russia, dead and prisoners, were 388,500, and of Japan, 167,500, and of ships, Russia 83, The treaty was unexpectof Japan 12. edly favorable to Russia notwithstand- 23, 1914. Two days later diplomatic re ing. The success of Japan in the Russo- Japanese War made her one of the leading world powers. The war, however, produced a financial stringency which led to economic disturbances for years following. The international relations also caused difficulty and several times threatened a break with the United States. This was chiefly the result of the passage of legislation in California and other States debarring Japanese laborers. In 1906 the school board of San Francisco ordered the segregation of Japanese children. The problem was temporarily solved by the arrival at a so-called gentlemen's agreement, by which Japan agreed to restrict the immigration of Japanese laborers to the United States. In 1905 an alliance was made with Great Britain for the purpose to of preserving the peace of eastern Asia and maintaining the integrity of China, 905 an and defending the rights of both countain for tries in the region of eastern Asia and ace of India. In 1911 this treaty was renewed for 10 years. As a result of the Russo- Japanese War, the interest of Japan was recognized as paramount in Korea, and the latter country practically became a province of Japan. In 1909 Prince Ito, the famous Japanese statesman, was assassinated by a Korean patriot. In the year following Korea was formally annexed to Japan, and was renamed Chos- There were during the years followen. ing almost continual political outbreaks in Korea against Japanese government. In 1913 the relations between the United -the year States and Japan again became esolitical o tranged as a result of the passage in nese gove California of the Alien Land Owner's tween the Law which excluded from the right to ain own land all aliens who are not eligible the to American citizenship. As the Japanese are prohibited from becoming naturalized citizens, it was apparent that this legislation was aimed directly at them. The government of Japan protested vigorously. President Wilson attempted to prevent the passage of the law but was unsuccessful. The outbreak of the World War brought Japan into conflict as an ally of Great Britain. On Aug. 19, 1914, the British representative at Berlin presented an ultimatum commanding that all German warships should at once be withdrawn from Chinese and Japanese waters and that the entire German concession of Kaiochow be given up by Germany before Sept. 14, 1914, "with a view to the eventual restoration of the same to China." The German Government refused and Japan declared war on Aug. diplomatic Austria-F Japanese lations between Japan and Austria-Hungary were broken. The Japanese navy German at once established a blockade of Tientu, time began in the principal town in the German coner in Septem cession, and at the same time began milidonary Force, tary operations. Later in September the Japanese Expeditionary Force, as- Now 7, 1914, sisted by East Indian troops, began the Japan, w siege of Tsing-tau. On Nov. 7, 1914, the ured some of t with surrendered. Japan, Germans colonies, restric equal promptness, captured some of the to the smaller Germa Far Eastern German colonies, restrictncluded the Marsha ing her activities to the smaller German mes, the east and wer islands. These included the Marshall ago. This constitute Island, the Ladrones, the east and west y activities of Japa Caroline archipelago. This constituted Following the Russia the chief military activities of Japan ver, Japanese troop Following the Russian during the war. beria and carried on revolution, however, Japanese troops campaigns there durwere sent into Siberia and carried on RUSSIA. more or less active campaigns there durthe Peace Treaty, Jaing 1918-19. See RUSSIA. he rights formerly pos- By the terms of the Peace Treaty, Jaany in the Shantung pan received all the rights formerly posdisposition of Shantung sessed by Germany in the Shantung sbad by many of the peninsula. This disposition of Shantung the Peace Conference, was strongly resisted by many of the to yield on the asrepresentatives at the Peace Conference, it was her intenbut they were obliged to yield on the asantung peninsula surance of Japan that it was her intengly protested tion to return the Shantung peninsula and throughout to China. China strongly protested the question of against the arrangement and throughout sue, but without suc- 1920 attempted to bring the question of ended hostilities with Shantung to an issue, but without sucet Republic of Siberia cess. Japan suspended hostilities with and later occupied the the so-called Soviet Republic of Siberia the island of Saghalien on July 15, 1920, and later occupied the the Anglo-Japanese northern half of the island of Saghalien er year. The troops after extending the Anglo-Japanese Siberia were sent inte treaty for another year. The troops to independence withdrawn from Siberia were sent inte strong hand. Korea, where all efforts to independence were suppressed with a strong hand. metal, or paper lliant var-

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

ja'nus, in Roman mythology, an important deity, second only to Jupiter himself. He was regarded as the author of the arts of civilization and was believed to sit at the confines of the earth and at the gates of heaven and to be the special guardian of the beginning and the ending of every undertaking. He was thus the god of the rising and of the setting sun. To him was ascribed the system of the years and the change of seasons. The month of January was named for him and his festival was observed on New Year's Day . He was invoked every morning, since fortune and misfortune were in his hands. As the guardian of doorways and gates, he is represented in art as two-faced, one face looking eastward, the other westward. In his right hand he holds a scepter and in his left a key. The doors of the temple of Janus in Rome were left open in time of war; in time of peace they were closed with much ceremony and great rejoicing.

1000 Classical Characters (1900)

An ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of Thessaly, and, according to some writers, a son of Apollo . He built a town which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him to have been son of Coelus and Hecate. He is represented with two faces, because he was acquainted with the past and future. His temple was always open in time of war, and was shut when peace existed.