John XXII

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a native 'Euse), a centuries, of Cahors, who by the patronage of recovered. e patrona Charles II. of Naples, to whose son he to whose nocent III. was preceptor, rose to high ecclesiastical igh ecclesie Langton to dignities, and in 1316 was elected Pope. to the was elected His pontificate was disturbed by various urbed by Pope quarrels, especially with the Cordeliers, whose the Corde jects allegiance he order he intended to suppress. ed to . He died 1334, respected for his frugality, for his fres not only to prudence, and sanctity. He was well bishop of HN medicine and wrote medical and, wrote medical XXIII. ( Balthasar Cossa), a Balthasar. Cossa), a s legate at Bologna, who was legate at Bologna, chamberlain to Boniface IX., and • Boniface IX., and Alexander V., 1410. To pacify V., 1410. To pacify he promised to resign the tiara d to resign the tiara XII. and Peter de Lune, or d Peter de Lune, or XIII., would also abandon their Id also abandon their . Though these conditions th these conditions accepted and ratified in the council in the council , he reassumed the office and the office and of sovereign pontiff; but he was but he was deposed and imprisoned. In and imprisoned. In was restored to liberty, and comd to liberty, and com acknowledge the election of edge the election of Martin V. He died 1419. 1419. KING OF ENGLAND; born F ENGLAND; born in 1166, was the youngest son was the youngest son II. by Eleanor of Guienne. Eleanor of Guienne. being intended for him, he was ded for him, he was in 1185, to complete its conto complete its consuch was his imprudence that his imprudence that necessary to recall him; and ary to recall him; and death of his father he was left father he was left any provision, which procured sion, which procured the name of Sans Terre, or of Sans Terre, or His brother Richard, on com- Richard, on comthrone, conferred on him the rred on him the Mortaigne, in Normandy, and as, in Normandy, and large possessions in England, essions in England, him to the rich heiress of the zich heiress of of Gloucester. Notwithstandter. Notwithstandkindness, he had the ingratitude had the ingratitude intrigues against Richard, in against Richard, in with the King of France, The King of France, absence in Palestine; but e in Palestine; but magnanimously pardoned him, hously pardoned him, death left him his kingdom left him his kingdom to Arthur of Brittany, the thur of Brittany, the elder brother, Geoffrey. Some ther, Geoffrey. Some French provinces, however, reovinces, however, refavor of Arthur; but John ulti- Arthur; but John ultirecovered them, and his nephew hem, and his nephew , and confined in the castle confined in the castle , whence he was subsequently he was subsequently Rouen, and never heard of and never heard of suspected of the murder of cted of the murder of states of Brittany summoned Brittany summoned answer the charge before his he charge before his King Philip; and upon his Philip; and upon his appear, the latter assumed the The latter assumed the of the sentence of forfeiture entence of forfeiture ; and thus, after its aliena- Thus, after its allenathe French crown for three nch crown for three the whole of Normandy was le of Normandy was A quarrel with the Pope Intrel with the Pope In- , who had nominated Stephen ad nominated Stephen the see of Canterbury, added of Canterbury, added perplexity of the king, whom the the king, whom the excommunicated, and whose subted, and whose subformally absolved from their absolved from their At length John was induced gth John was induced receive Langton as Arche Langton as Arch- Canterbury, but to resign his ry, but to resign his kingdom to the holy see, in order to receive it again as its vassal. John had by this time rendered himself the object of such universal contempt and hatred, that his nobles determined, if possible, to limit his power, and establish their privileges; the barons assembled in arms at Stamford, and immediately proceeded to warlike operations. They were received without opposition in London, met the king at Runnymead, and forced him to consent Thus was obtained to their terms. (June 15, 1215) that basis of English constitutional freedom known as "Magna Charta," which not only protected the nobles against the crown, but secured important privileges to every class of freemen. But while the monarch appeared to be all-complying and passive, he was secretly purposing to annul the charter. The Pope pronounced terce of excommunication on all who should attempt to enforce it; and John, having collected an army of mercenaries, carried war and devastation throughout the kingdom. The barons, taken by surprise, now sent a deputation to Philip of France, offering the crown of England to the dauphin Louis; who speedily, with 600 vessels, landed at Sandwich, and proceeded to London, where he was received as lawful sovereign. John was immediately deserted by all his foreign troops, and most of his English adherents; but the report of a scheme of Louis for the extermination of the English nobility arrested his progress, and induced many to return to their allegiance. While the king's affairs were beginning to assume a better aspect, he was taken ill, and died in Newark, in 1216. monarchs. FRANCE. JOHN I., King of France, a posthumous son of Louis X.; born and died in 1316. JOHN II., surnamed The Good, a king of France, son of Philip VI.; born in 1319, and succeeded his father in 1350. In 1356 he was taken prisoner by Edward the Black Prince at Poitiers and carried to England. After the treaty of Bretigny (1360) he returned home, leaving his eldest son, the Duke of Anjou, as hostage, till he should fulfil the terms of his ransom. But in the meantime the duke escaped back to France. John, however, chivalrously kept his word, and returned to London early in 1364; but he died on April 8 in that same year. without having regained his freedom. His eldest son, Charles V., succeeded him. JOHN I., Emperor of Constantinople, surnamed Zimisces, was of an illustrious family. He succeeded the emperor Nicephorus Phocas in 969, and obtained many victories over the Russians, Bulgarians, and Saracens. He was poisoned by Basil the Eunuch, in 976. JOHN II., Comnenus, succeeded Alexis Comnenus, his father, in 1118. He gained several battles over the Turks and Servians, and governed with great prudence and liberality. He died in 1143, of a wound which he received from a poisoned arrow. JOHN III., Ducas, was crowned at Nicea in 1222, at the time when the Latins were in possession of Constantinople. He was a prince of great virtue, gained many battles, defeated the Scythians, Tartars, and Bulgarians, and extended his empire on all sides. He died in 1255. JOHN IV., Lascaris, son of Theodore the Young, whom he succeeded in 1259, at the age of six years; but, in the same year, the despot Michael Palæologus deprived him of his crown and his eyes, and imprisoned him for life. He died in 1284. JOHN V., Palæologus, succeeded his father, Andronicus the Younger, in 1341, but his throne was for a long period usurped by John Cantacuzenus, whose daughter he married after recovering his Andronicus revolted throne. His son against him, and the Genoese made themselves master of the isle of Lesbos, and Amurath I. took the city of Adrianople. He died in 1391. JOHN VI., Cantacuzenus, was the min- JOHN, the name of various European ister and favorite of Andronicus Palæologus, who made him guardian of his children, John and Emanuel, with whose mother, Jane of Savoy, he governed for some time with great wisdom and moderation. But, in 1345, he assumed the imperial title in Thrace, and, in 1347, took Constantinople, compelling John Palæologus, who had been crowned in 1341, and who had married his daughter, to retire to Salonica. The exiled monarch, however, with the help of the Genoese, defeated the fleet of the usurper, and obliged him to quit his throne and capital. He then retired to the monastery of Mount Athos, where he devoted himself to literary studies, and wrote a valuable history of the empire, and a defense of Christianity against the Mohammedans. JOHN VII., Palæologus, succeeded his father Emanuel in 1425. His reign was very unfortunate, and the Turks made such progress in his dominions as to re- 2 duce him to the necessity of imploring the succor of the Latins. He consented to a union of the two churches, which was performed at the council of Ferrara, in 1439, at which John assisted in person. He died in 1448. PORTUGAL. JOHN I., King of Portugal, was the natural son of Peter, and, in 1383, ascended the throne, to the prejudice of Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinand I., his brother. John I., King of Castile, the husband of that princess, disputed the he prejud crown, but was defeated at the battle of Aljubarota, in 1385. He then turned his of Castile arms against the Moors of Africa, and dispute took Ceuta and other places. He died in t the battl 1433. hen turned JOHN II., surnamed the Great, and Africa, born in 1455, succeeded his father, Al- He died phonsus V., in 1481. He was successful in his suppression of some insurrections, Great, and afterward he carried his arms into a father, Africa, and was at the taking of Arzile and Tangiers. He afterward defeated Ensurr the Castilians at the battle of Toro, 1486, and with wise policy encouraged the maritime excursions of his subjects, and favored their settlements on the coasts Tor of Africa and in the Indies. He died in 1495. JOHN III. succeeded his father, Emanuel, 1521. The beginning of his reign was marked by dreadful earthquakes; but John, with benevolence and wisdom, relieved the miseries of his subjects, and encouraged commerce and navigation. His fleets penetrated far olence into the East, and discovered Japan; of his sub and to insure the tranquillity of his Indian settlements he sent among them the rated far celebrated Francis Xavier. He died in d Japan: 1557, deservedly respected as a humane of his Inand enlightened monarch. them the JOHN IV., surnamed the Fortunate; in 1604, was the son of Theodore e died in born , humane Duke of Braganza. He employed all the powers of his mind, and of his situation, to the emancipation of his country, which the Spaniards, after the death of Sebastian, had conquered, and since held as a tributary province, and by the assistance of his brave countrymen he shook off the odious yoke, and was proclaimed king, 1640. He died in 1656. JOHN V. succeeded Peter II., 1707. He espoused the cause of the allies in the wars of the Spanish Succession, and when the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, restored tranquillity to Europe, he devoted himself to the encouragement of commerce, of literature, and of industry among his subjects. He died in 1750. JOHN VI., second son of Peter III., ent was appointed regent when his mother, Buste 750. other, reason, in 1799. In by the Fresch from Maria I., lost her reason, in 1799. In he took up his resi 1807 he was driven by the French from the title of of emperor. Portugal, whereupon he took up his resimother, in 1816, he dence in Brazil, with the title of emperor. but did not return On the death of his mother, in 1816, he In 1828, French was proclaimed king, but did not return to Portugal gal till 1821. In 1823, French estroyed the hopes of party in Portugal. intervention again destroyed the hopes of Brazil was recogthe constitutional party in Portugal. e king died in 1826. The independence of Brazil was recognized in 1825, and the king died in 1826. ND LEON. astile and Leon, suo- CASTILE AND LEON. enry II., in in 1879, at JOHN I., King of Castile and Leon, suo- He made war on ceeded his father, Henry II., in 1379, at rpose of placing his the age of 21 years. He made war on f that country, but Portugal, for the purpose of placing his He was surnamed son on the throne of that country, but Mry," for his gener was unsuccessful. He was surnamed his kingdom. He "Father of His Country," for his generous and just rule of his kingdom. He 1405; was son of died in 1390. as proclaimed king JOHN II.; born in 1405; was son of years of age, his Henry III., and was proclaimed king g.appointed regent. when less than two years of age, his ssfully against the uncle Ferdinand being appointed regent. and Navarre, and He made war successfully against the He greatly askingdoms of Aragon and Navarre, and ion of Spanish literthe Moors of Granada. He greatly asof the celebrated sisted in the restoration of Spanish liter- He died in 1454. ature, and was father of the celebrated Isabella and Henry IV. He died in 1454. Aragon, succeeded ARAGON. to 1387. Through- JOHN I., King of Aragon, succeeded continually at hoshis father, Peter IV., in 1387. Throughfects, whom bo govout his reign he was continually at hosustice and severity. tilities with his subjects, whom he gov- Ferdinand the Just, erned with great injustice and severity. he of Navarre on JOHN II., son of Just, ascended the throne of Navarre Ferdinand the ughter of Charles on and that of Aragon marrying Blanche, daughter of Charles ath of Alphonsus, his in 1458, after the death of Alphonsus, his Noble, in 1425, and that of Aragon a long time at war Carlos, to whom brother. He was for a long time at war bad left the crown with his Don Carlos, to whom Blanche, his mother, had left the crown son death, in 1441. He the kingdom to his of Navarre at her death, in 1441. He died in 1479, leaving the kingdom to his son Ferdinand the Catholic. amia, the son of the BOHEMIA. was elected to the JOHN, King of Bohemia, the son of the age of 15. He was Emperor Henry VII., was elected to the throne in 1310, at the age of 15. He was d the title of King of a warlike prince, and, after defeating the eye in that expedi Lithuanians, assumed the title of King of octor, who pretended Poland. He lost an eye in that expedisight, deprived him tion, and a Jewish doctor, who pretended military spirit, howto restore him to sight, deprived him bated, and he accom , howof the other. His military spirit, rit Fance in 1846 to the ever, continued unabated, and he accom- There he was guided panied Philip of France in 1346 to the nights, each holding battle of Cressy, where he was guided in that action, and between two brave knights, each holding his bridle. He fell in that action, and was buried at Luxembourg. JOHN, KNIGHTS OF JOHN III. (John Sobieski), King of Poland, was youngest son of James Sobieski, governor of Cracow, and educated at Paris. In 1665 he was made grand marshal and general of the Polish armies, after which he was appointed master of the Royal House and prelate of Cracovia. He retook several cities from the rebellious Cossacks of the Ukraine, and distinguished himself in many gallant actions. In 1673 he gained the memorable battle of Choczim, near the Dniester, in which the Turks lost 28,000 men. On the death of Michael in the following year he was elected King of Poland, and shortly afterward compelled the Turks to sue for peace. In 1683 he forced them to raise the siege of Vienna, which otherwise would inevitably have been taken. He died in Warsaw, 1696. BRITTANY. JOHN, Duke of Brittany. Six princes of this name have worn the ducal crown, but only two are important: JOHN IV. commonly known as John de Montfort, -whose cause was espoused by the English. When made prisoner by the French, he had his rights vigorously maintained by his heroic wife, who bravely held out her castle against the large force that encompassed it till the arrival of the English fleet with troops June 24, 1340, in Ghent. In 1359 he to her aid compelled the enemy to raise a fruitless siege. JOHN VI., who, for the aid he afforded the English in their expedition under Henry V., was attacked by the Duke of Penthièvre, who drew him into an ambuscade, and making him daughter of Pedro the Cruel of Castile, a prisoner, kept him in confinement for five years. His government, after he regained his liberty, was marked by weakness and indecision. He died in 1442. JOHN, KNIGHTS OF. See HOSPI- TALLERS. JOHN B. STETSON UNIVERSITY, a coeducational institution in De Land, Fla.; founded in 1883 under the auspices of the Baptist Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 32; students, 649; president, Lincoln Hulley, Ph. D.