Johnson
Johnson names 17 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Johnson Samuel, one of England's most noted men of letters
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Samuel, one of England's most noted men of letters. He was born in Litchfield in 1709. He entered Pembroke College, Oxford, with a reputation for prodigious learning, but he was compelled by poverty to leave before taking a degree. His father was a bookseller, and Samuel was a great reader. He taught in a grammar school. He married a widow twice his own age and spent her little fortune of $4,000 in trying to establish a school of his own. Garrick, the actor, was one of his pupils. In 1737 Johnson moved to London and literally starved for years, trying to earn a living by writing. He wrote articles for magazines and Tory comments on the proceedings of Parliament. He was a man of huge, unwieldy form, rolling gait, slovenly habits, and far from pleasing table manners. An inherited tendency to scrofula, which affected him from his birth, had impaired his eyesight, distorted his features, and was accountable for the deep melancholy which took possession of him and doubtless for many if not most of his peculiarities. He monopolized conversation, bore down all opposition, and antagonized people recklessly. Goldsmith used to say, "There is no getting on with Johnson. If his pistol misses fire, he knocks you down with the butt of it." He came to London unknown, unbefriended, ragged, untidy; he often walked its streets at night because he was too poor to procure a lodging; he lunched on coarse food because he was penniless; and yet by sheer ability Johnson rose gradually but surely to a recognized dictatorship in a literary world that included such writers as Fox, Gibbon, Burke, and Goldsmith. His services as a political writer, and not as a man of letters, secured him finally a government pension of $1,500 a year, after which he was more comfortable. Before this, he was at times so poor in purse, that he was obliged to make his calls of business and otherwise on "clean shirt day," the only day in the week on which he could afford clean linen. Neither he nor his wife seems to have had the slightest ability to make one shilling do the work of two. In 1755 he completed his celebrated Dictionary for which he received over $9,000, but the entire amount had been drawn and spent before he finished the work. Of his writings Rasselas is the most popular. The scene is laid in Abyssinia and Egypt, but deals with the never-ending search for happiness. "Answer, thou great Father of Waters," says one of the searchers, addressing the Nile, "Tell me if thou waterest through all thy course a single habitation from which thou dost not hear the murmurs of complaint." It was written in a week's time to pay the funeral expenses of his mother. His Dictionary, already mentioned, is now out of date, but it is a monumental work. It is of first importance as the earliest noted work of the kind in English. It is the forerunner of the dictionaries since published on both sides of the Atlantic. Some of his definitions are so bigoted, not to say spiteful, as to be humorous. That on oats is famous: "Oats, a grain which, in England, is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people." An offended Scot retorted by inquiring where the learned lexicographer could find such horses as were produced in England or such men as were reared in Scotland. The desk on which Johnson wrote his Dictionary, and the original manuscript, are preserved at Oxford University. Other of Dr. Johnson's works are important. The Idler and The Rambler were serious, solemn imitations of the sparkling Spectator. His Lives of the Poets, a series of biographies, are still read, but only by the student of literature. Johnson's style is dignified and sonorous. He was given to using long words. "His hand is heavy. His step is heavy, but not blundering; his blows are as strong and deft as those of a lion; his voice, loud, but sonorous. His words roll at times like the sound of distant thunder, but they never fall in a light shower. Whether his opinions be agreeable or not, they are couched in dignified language." Johnson's Life by James Boswell is considered the greatest biography ever written. It runs through several volumes, but is excellent reading. Boswell's reputation rests wholly on this work, and it is safe to say that Dr. Johnson, despite his great learning, would be known little more than Roger Bacon were it not for his biographer. Mrs. Johnson died in 1752. Johnson lived for many years in bachelor quarters, but with a room ready for him whenever he chose to occupy it at the home of a Mr. Thrale, a wealthy brewer. In this home he spent much of his time for many years. Mrs. Thrale, a vain but warmhearted woman, surrounded him with comfort and nursed him tenderly in illness. After Mr. Thrale's death the lady made a foolish second marriage which gave Johnson offense, and this home was closed to him. He had at this time a house in Fleet Street. Here he maintained for years several impecunious persons who quarreled outrageously with each other and made their benefactor miserable. Johnson, however, endured it with patience because he pitied them. However quick he may have been to resent an injury or insult from a superior, he was unfailingly kind to inferiors and generous to the poor. Johnson was for many years the center of a literary club, by whom he was regarded with no ordinary degree of affection. In 1784 he died at his lodgings, alone, in so far as he was without relatives, but he was attended by affectionate friends. The horror of death which had haunted him throughout his life left him toward the last and he died in great peace. He was buried fittingly in Westminster Abbey . See Boswell ; Chesterfield ; Goldsmith QUOTATIONS. Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat. Knowledge is more than equivalent to force. Trade's proud empire hastes to swift decay. Is not a patron, my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground encumbers him with help? When a man is tired of London he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford. Sir, a woman preaching is like a dog's walking on his hind legs. It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all. He left the name at which the world grew pale, To point a moral, or adorn a tale. There mark what ills the scholar's life assail,-- Toil, envy, want, the patron, and the jail. SAID OF JOHNSON. A mass of genuine manhood.--Thomas Carlyle.
Johnson EMORY RICHARD, an American educator and economist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EMORY RICHARD, an American educator and economist, born in Waupun, Wis., in 1864. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1888, and took post-graduate courses at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1893 to 1896 he was professor of economics at Haverford College and from the latter year he was professor of transportation and commerce at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1899 he acted as expert of transportation for the United States Industrial Commission. From 1899 to 1904 he was a member of the United States Isthmian Canal Commission. He acted as expert of valuation of railroad property, and was a member of many commissions of public service. He also acted as arbitrator in several disputes between railways and their employees. In 1917 he was assistant director of the Bureau of Transportation of the War Trade Board. He was a member of many economic societies. His writings on economic subjects include "Ocean and Inland Water Transand Rates," (1911); "Panama Canal Traffic and Tolls," (1912); "History of Commerce in the Foreign and Domestic United States," (1916); "Principles of ," (1917). He Ocean Transportation also contributed many reports on economic and transportation subjects. United States Senator from California, born in Sacramento, Cal., in 1866. He was educated at the University of California and was admitted to the bar in SON HIRAM JOHNSON 1888. He at once became a prominent lawyer and gained nation-wide reputation through his participation in the trial of the San Francisco graft and boodling cases in 1906-1907. In these cases he acted as assistant prosecuting attorney in place of Francis J. Heney when the latter was shot. In 1910 he was nominated for governor by the Progressive element of the Republican party. The chief issue was the domination of the Southern Pacific railroad and in this Johnson won. His administration was successful and he became a conspicuous figure in national politics. He took a prominent part in the Republican nomi- Presination in 1912, where he opposed dent Taft. He was nominated for the vice-presidency on the Progressive ticket year. with Theodore Roosevelt in that He was re-elected Governor of California in 1914 by an enormous plurality, but resigned in 1917 to go to the United States nited States Senate to which he had been elected. of the He was the most bitter opponent of the Treaty of Peace with Germany and Nations Covenant in the Sen- League of The Senate in 1919-1920. In the Republican Conlead- Republican Convention of 1920 he was one of the one of the lead-
Johnson ANDREW, an American DREW
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ANDREW, an American DREW, an American statesman, 17th president of the United resident of the United States; born in Raleigh, N. C., Dec. 29, aleigh, N. C., Dec. 29, 1808. At 10 years of age he was inrs of age he was in- ANDREW JOHNSON JOHNSON for whom he worked dentured to a tailor, for whom he worked for seven years, receiving no schooling, eceiving no schooling, but was taught to read by a fellowto read by a fellowapprentice. In 1826, with his mother, he 26, with his mother, he emigrated to Tennessee. Here he marnessee. e. Here he married Eliza McCardle, a woman of good ile, a woman of good education, who instructed him in writing tructed him in writing plishments. He was and other accomplishments. He was three times elected alderman, and then alderman, and then mayor in 1828-1830. In 1835 and in 330. In 1885 and in 1839 he was sent to the Tennessee Legisthe Tennessee Legislature. In 1840 he made campaign he made campaign Buren, that gave him speeches for Van Buren, that gave him for oratory. In 1843 a wide reputation for oratory. In 1843 he was elected to Congress, and re- Congress, and reelected in 1845, 1847, 1849, and 1851, 847, 1849, and 1851. In 1853 Tennessee was "gerrymandered" was gerrymandered" don, whereupon he ran to prevent his election, whereupon he ran for governor, and was elected. In 1857 was elected. In 1857 he was sent to the United States Senate, where he ably advocated and secured the passage of a homestead bill, which President Buchanan vetoed. He ardently advocated the Union cause, and was made military governor of Tennessee by Lincoln in 1862, where he gave vigorous support to the Federal government. In Ous 1864 was elected Vice-President, resident, Lincoln, and on the assassination of Linwith coln, in April, 1865, became President by 1 succession. His administration was marked by constant dissension between himself and Congress, and he was impeached before that body, for resisting the execution of the acts of Congress , and various alleged "high crimes and misdemeanors." The trial was presided over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase. A two-thirds vote necessary to convict could not be secured, and the trial failed (May 16, 1868). A change of one vote, however, would have carried conviction. When his term expired he retired to Tennessee, and in 1875 was elected to the United States Senate, but died July 31, of that year.
Johnson SAMUEL, an lexicographer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SAMUEL, an lexicographer; born in Litchfield, England, Sept. 18, 1709. He completed his education at Pembroke College, Oxford; wa. s. and in 1732 taught school at Market in a Bosworth. In 1735 he married Mrs. later Porter of Birmingham who possessed railways $ 4,000 and with this capital Johnson started a school at Edial, near Litchfield, able obtaining only three scholars, one of and whom was David Garrick. It was at this time that he began his tragedy "Irene." In 1737 he set out for the metropolis, accompanied by Garrick. On fixing his residence in London he formed a connection with Cave, the publisher of the "Gentleman's Magazine," his principal employment being the reports of the parliamentary debates. It was during this period that he formed a friendship for Richard Savage whom he immortalized in a biographical sketch. In 1749 appeared his "Vanity of Human Wishes," an imitation of Juvenal's 10th satire. In 1750 he commenced his "Rambler," a periodical paper, which was continued till 1752. About the period of his relinquishing the "Rambler," he lost his wife, a circumstance which greatly affected him, as appears from his "Meditations," and the sermon which he wrote on her death. In 1755 appeared his "Dictionary," which, instead of three, had occupied eight years. Lord Chesterfield endeavored to assist it by writing to papers in its favor in the "World"; but, as he had hitherto neglected the author, Johnson treated him with contempt. In 1758 he began the "Idler," which was published in a weekly newspaper. On the death of his mother, in 1759, he wrote the romance of "Rasselas," to defray the expenses of her funeral, and to pay her debts. In 1762 George III. granted him a pension. In son. 1763, Boswell, his future biographer, was introduced to him, a circumstance to which we owe the most minute account of a man's life and character that has ever been written. In 1773 he went on a tour with Boswell to the W. islands of Scotland, of which journey he shortly afterward published an account, which occasioned a difference between him and Macpherson, relative to the poems of Ossian. In 1779 he began his "Lives of the British Poets," which was the last of his literary labors. He died in England, Dec. 13, 1784.
Johnson JOSEPH FRENCH, an YBENCH
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOSEPH FRENCH, an YBENCH, an American educator, born in Hardwick, born in Hardwick, Mass., in 1853. He graduated from graduated from Harvard University in 1878 and took in 1878 and took post graduate courses in Germany. He es in Germany. H acted as financial editor on several newsditor on several news papers until 1893, when he was apwhen be was ap pointed professor in the Wharton School the Wharton School of Commerce at the University of Penn- University of Pennsylvania. From 1899 to 1903 he was 899 to 1903 he was lecturer on finance in Columbia Uniin Columbia University and from 1903 was professor of 008 was professor of dean of School of political economy and dean of School of in Commerce, Accounts and Finance wrote and Finance in New York University. He He wrote economic submuch on financial and economic subjects. His works include "Money and le "Money and on the Currency" (1905); "Report on the Canadian Banking System for the Nathe Na- Syste tional Monetary Commission" (1916). of Ac- Commissi (1916). He was editor of the "Journal the "Journal of Ac countancy" and several other periodicals member ral other periodicaln on business. In 1913 he was a of the Commission to Revise Banking Laws of the State of New York.
Johnson THOMAS LOFTIN, better known as Tom L
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
THOMAS LOFTIN, better known as Tom L. Johnson, an American municipal reformer, born at Georgetown, Ky., in 1854. He received practically no early education. His first employment was with a street-railway company. He rapidly rose to positions of responsibility and acquired a large fortune, partly through inventions relating to street rail- He purchased in 1876 an interest street railway of Indianapolis and acquired large holdings in street in Cleveland, Detroit, and Brooklyn. He made these lines profitby the introduction of through fares transfers. He disposed of his streetrailway interests for a large sum and entered politics. He was defeated for Congress in 1898 but was elected in 1890 and 1892. He was an ardent advocator of the single-tax ideas of Henry George and also his theories of municipal ownership attracted national attention. In 1901 he was elected mayor of Cleveland and was three times re-elected. During his terms of office he introduced radical reforms and won a fight to secure threecent fares on the street-car lines of the city. He was defeated for the governorship of Ohio in 1903. He retired from active participation of public affairs in 1910 and died in the following year.
Johnson SIR WILLIAM, a British officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SIR WILLIAM, a British officer; born in Warrentown, County Meath, Ireland, in 1715. In 1738 Johnson established himself as the manager of the estates of his uncle (Admiral Sir Peter Warren), on the S. side of the Mohawk river, about 27 miles from Schenectady, N. Y. Here he speedily gained the confidence of the surrounding Indians, learned their language, and was adopted as a sachem by the Mohawks. In 1743 he was appointed by the British government chief superintendent of the Indians, and in 1750, a member of the provincial council. At the close of the war with the French, in 1753, Johnson threw up his commission, and retired to his fortified residence, called Fort John- In 1755 he met and destroyed the French army under Baron Dieskau, at 0,000 Fort George. In recognition of his services, Johnson was presented by the English government with a grant of 100,000 acres of land in the valley of the Mohawk, where he built the village of Johnstown, which became in 1772 the capital of Tryon county. He died near Johnstown, N. Y., July 4, 1774. as
Johnson ALVIN SAUNDERS, an SAUNI American economist and writer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ALVIN SAUNDERS, an SAUNI American economist and writer; born and near Homer, Neb., in 1874. He gradu- 1874 ated, University of Nebraska, in 1897 and took post-graduate courses in Columbia. From 1902 to 1906 he was instructor and adjunct professor of economics at Columbia University. From professor of 1906 to 1908 he was economics at the University of Nebraska and in 1908 occupied the same chair at the University of Texas. In 1910 he was appointed associate professor of d Stanford University, becoming full professor in 1911. From fessor in 1911. From was professor of 1912 to 1916 he was professor of economics at Cornell University and nell University and from 1916 to 1918 at Leland Stanford 18 at Leland Stanford University. From 1917 he was one of 1917 he was one of the editors of the "New Republic" and "New Republic" and contributed much to encyclopedias on to encyclopedias on economic subjects and wrote "Rent in and wrote "Rent in Modern Economic Theory" (1903); "In- Thecry" (1908); "Introduction to Economics" (1909); "The mics" (1989); "The Petticoat" (1914). Professor and the Petticoat" (1914).
Johnson to be sure, has a rough manner: but no man alive has a better heart
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
to be sure, has a rough manner: but no man alive has a better heart. He has nothing of the bear but the skin.--Oliver Goldsmith. The memory of other authors is kept alive by their works. But the memory of Johnson keeps many of his works alive. The old philosopher is still among us in the brown coat with the metal buttons and the shirt which ought to be at wash, blinking, puffing, rolling his head, drumming with his fingers, tearing his meat like a tiger, and swallowing his tea in oceans. No human being who has been more than seventy years in the grave is so well known to us. And it is but just to say that our intimate acquaintance with what he would himself have called the anfractuosities of his intellect and of his temper, serves only to strengthen our conviction that he was both a great and a good man.--Macaulay. There have been many broader and more scholarly Englishmen, but there never walked the streets of London a man who battled more courageously for what he thought was right.--Halleck.
Johnson EASTMAN, an American painter
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EASTMAN, an American painter; born in Lovell, Me., July 29, 1824. In 1849 he went to Düsseldorf, where he studied two years, and afterward resided for four years at The Hague, where, besides numerous portraits, he executed "The Savoyard" and the "Card Players." His favorite subjects are the American rustic and negro, and glimpses later he devoted himself almost excluof domestic life, though sively to portrait painting. He revisited Europe in 1885. Among his best works, many of which have been reproduced in chromo-lithography are "The Old Kentucky Home" (1859); "The Farmer's Sunday Blacksmith" (1864); "The Boyhood of Morning" (1860); "The Village Abraham Lincoln" Stage Coach" (1871); "The Wounded (1867); "The Old Drummer" (1872); "The Pedlar" (1873); "A Glass with the Squire" (1880) He painted portraits of Presidents ; and "The Funding Bill" (1881). Cleveland and Harrison. He died Apr. 6, 1906.
Johnson ROBERT UNDERWOOD, BT UNDELWOOL
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ROBERT UNDERWOOD, BT UNDELWOOL, an American poet and editor; born in Jan. 12, 1853; be- Washington, D. C., C., of the "Century 2. 1358; became associate editor of the "Century Magazine." His efforts in behalf of the in behalf of the establishment of international copyright ional copyright gree of M. A were recognized by the degree of M. A., the iversity in 1891. conferred by Yale University in 1891. notable He edited, with C. C. Buel, the C. Buel, the notable rs of the Civil War™ "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War" two volas published two vol- (1887-1888), and has published and umes of poems: "The Winter Hour The Winter Hour and 92); and "Songs of Other Poems" (1892); and "Songs of Liberty" (1897), "Italian Rhapsody" "Italian Rhapsody (1917). Appointed U. S. Ambassador to U. S. Ambassador te Italy in 1920.
Johnson BURGES, an American writer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BURGES, an American writer; born in Rutland, Vt., in 1877. He graduated, Amherst College, in 1899 and after several years of literary work he became literary adviser of G. P. Putnam's Sons. He later occupied the same position with Harper & Bros. He was managing editor of the "Outing" Magazine in 1907 and 1908. He entered the publishing business in 1908 as president of the Thompson, Brown Co., and in 1913 was manager of the educational department of E. P. Dutton & Co. From 1915 he was assistant professor of English at Vassar College. He wrote several humorous books of prose and verse, including "Yearbook of Humor" (1910); "The Well of English and the Bucket" (1917). He contributed many articles to magazines.
Johnson BUSHROD RUST, an American military officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BUSHROD RUST, an American military officer; born in Belmont co., O., Oct. 7, 1817. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1840. He saw service in the Florida and Mexican Wars, but resigned his commission in 1847, and was made professor in the Western Military Institution of Kentucky, at Georgetown. He entered the Confederate army as a Brigadier-General at the commencement of the Civil War, and in 1864 became a major-general. He commanded a division under General Lee till the surrender at Appomattox Court House. He was afterward appointed superintendent of the Military College in the University of portation," (1906); "Railroad Traffic Vol. V-Cyc-R Nashville, and chancellor of that institution. He died Sept. 11, 1880.
Johnson ROSSITER, an American editor
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ROSSITER, an American editor; born in Rochester, N. Y., Jan. 27, 1840; was educated there, and edited the Rochester "Democrat" jointly with Robert Carter. From 1869 to 1872 he edited the Concord (N. H.) "Statesman"; in 1873-1877 was associated with George Ripley and Charles A. Dana in editing the "American Cyclopædia"; in 1879- 1880 aided Sydney Howard Gay in his "History of the United States." In 1883 he became editor of the "Annual Cyclopædia." He devised and edited the series of "Little Classics" (16 vols. 1874- 1875; two additional vols. 1880). He was editor-in-chief of the "World's Great Books" (50 vols. 1898-1901). Life of Captain John Smith" (1916); "Epi sodes of Civil War" (1916). English
Johnson OWEN (MCMAHON)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
OWEN (MCMAHON), an (MCMAHON), an American author, born in New York in n in New York in 1878, the son of Robert Underwood Johnbert Underwood John- He graduated from Yale Univerfrom Yale Universon. sity in 1900. His first work "Arrows of irst ork "Arrows of the Almighty" was published in 1901 ished in 1901 and this was followed in rapid succesrapid succesved sion by others, including "The Eternal e Eternal Boy" (1909); "The Humming Bird" Bird" (1910); "The Varmint" (1910); "The "The Salamander" (1913); "The Spirit of pirit of France," (1915); "Virtuous Wives" Wives" (1917).
Johnson EDWIN S., Senator from South Dakota
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EDWIN S., Senator from South Dakota. Born in United States Indiana in 1857 he moved to South Dakota and became a successful farmer. Interesting himself in politics he was elected by the Democrats of the State to serve on the National mittee. Elected to the United States Democratic Com- Senate for the term 1915-1921.
Johnson HIRAM WARREN
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
HIRAM WARREN, ing candidates for the nomination for nomination for See UNITED STATES, UNITED STATES, the Presidency. HISTORY.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The set has been reshuffled since 1910. Samuel Johnson still dominates the page and still deserves to, though Aiton's guess that he would be known little more than Roger Bacon without Boswell has not held up: the Dictionary of 1755 is studied as a landmark even after the Oxford English Dictionary superseded it (completed 1928), and the lifelong ailment the entry blames on inherited scrofula is now widely read by modern biographers as Tourette syndrome. Of the political Johnsons, Andrew Johnson's 1868 impeachment stood alone when these volumes were printed and no longer does, two more presidents having been impeached since 1998. And the Johnson every reader would now name first is missing altogether: Lyndon B. Johnson was a boy of two when Aiton's went to press, so the page's seventeen subjects include neither him nor any of the twentieth-century bearers of the name.
Written for this edition, 2026.