Kano

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) capital of a province of the same name (pop. about 2,250,000) in the Negro State of Sokoto, Central Africa (now part of British Northern Nigeria) in the middle of the country, about 250 miles S. S. E. of the city of Sokoto. Principal industry weaving and dyeing of cotton cloths . Pop. is about 100,000. width, and bounded by bluffs, rising 50 to 300 feet. The Missouri river forms nearly 75 miles of the State's N. E. boundary. The Kansas river, formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, joins the Missouri at Kansas City, after a course of 150 miles across the State. The Arkansas, rising in Colorado, flows with a tortuous course, for nearly 500 miles , across threefourths of the State . It forms, with its tributaries, the Little Arkansas, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron , Verdigris, and Neosho, the S. drainage system of the State. Other important rivers are the Saline and Solomon , tributaries of the Smoky Hill; the Big Blue , Delaware, and tributary of the Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas; and the Osage, a Missouri. Geology. The rock system of Kansas is exceedingly simple . Over almost the entire State the rocks are monoclinal and dip be rocks a gently to the W. N. W., at an average rate in the E. and are the W. N. size central portions of the State of about The E. and 15 feet to the mile, or about double f about 15 the average slope of surface to the E. Be the avera In the W. part of the State the strata lie In the horizontally. The geological formations valued sta lie he succeed each other in a regular ascending tains mations an series, from S. E. to N. W. The outcrops fields scending se begin with the sub-Carboniferous zinc outcrops , in a small triangular tract not exceeding ter ous, in a 60 square miles in extent, in the S. E. corner of the eding 60 State; followed by the Carboniferous ducer tons S. E. corne , covering the E. quarter of the valued Carbonif the State; the Permian, or more properly the of the State permo-Carboniferous, in the E. fourth rly the p middle covering a belt about 60 miles wide, products E. middle c extending from Marshall county S. S. to Cowley and chalk s wide, e Sumnese, S. to Cov ner counties; the Triassic, embracing a triangular tract of he Triassic about seven counties S. of the Arkansas brown of about river, with its apex in the great bend of iron. sas river, of the Arkansas and its base along the Soil nd of the S. line of the State from Sumner county to those support the S. line Clark; the Cretaceous, in the W. very Bunty to Ch middle, covering about one-third of the State, black 7. middle, d from Washington, Republic, Jewell, and and State, from Smith counties, on the N. line of the but and Smit State, S. E. to the Arkansas river and the S. State, S. W. corner of the State; and end with have and the S. W. the Tertiary, covering about 20 counties small with the in the. N. W. quarter of the State woodland counties i the ash , with occasional tracts in the S. W. State, wit and S. There is a very small amount of post-Tertiary hickory W. and S. or recent formation box nt of post in the valleys, scattered over the middle in the and W. portions of the State. Glacial pecan. Adle and W drift covers the Permian and al drift cov Carboniferous in the N. E. corner of the State as far Kansas ricultural ferous in t W. and S. as the Big Blue and Kansas rivers tion and s far W. . in 1919 angas river Minerals. The minerals of Kansas lead and zinc minerals are , obtainable from the sub-Carboniferous; acres, value $ , obtainabi bituminous coal, petroleum and gas value bituminos , from the Carboniferous; salt and gypsum from the acres, from the Permian and Triassic; chalk value $ um from t and lignite from the Cretaceous; lignite alk and li and silica in an exceedingly fine 000 production; ignite and state from the Tertiary. bushels, state fro 1,040,000 Fossils. The fossils of the Carboniferformation sils of the ous are all marine, consisting of foraminifera, all marine sponges, crinoids, ploying sponges, 3,136 brachiopods, and lamellibranchs. They are quite numerous amellibram , limestone rocks in some places being 3, limeston solidly full of their shells. The Cretaceous the tal wages invested solidly fa fossils consist of marine and of the sous fossils fresh water shells, fishes, saurians, turtles, the value water she The chief birds, and impressions of leaves of aerial rds, and are located plants and trees, such as fig, laurel, lants and magnolia, and other trees of sub-tropical climate olia, and of ; poplar, willow, birch, and other Topeka, The principal ate; popla clude cured trees of colder climate; together with walnut, es of colder oak, sycamore, and other trees similar grist, ut, cak, to those of the present day. foundry lar to tho sonry, In the recent formations recent fo found remains sins of horse, mastodon, and other mammals of great . of horse, elephant, mammals Mineralogy. The chief mineral prois petroleum. In he chief miner duct In 1918 the produced 45,451,017 barrels of petroleum, at $ 100,546,202 1918 there were barrels of per part of. Kansas 1,202. Kanse . Other mineral the Kansas products - Oklahoma oil con- Kansas-Oklah and coal. The are lead, moral products a in 1919 was production of the latproduction of about 5,750,000 short s about 5,750,000 . The of clay State products is also, and a large these proe is also a larg at over $ 2,000,000 are produc products , and the $ production of salt, annually. In 2,000,000 among the States Kansas ranks of salt, Kansas annual of the. Other mineral e States. Other m , alum, portland State include sulphur, State lime, marble, kaolin cement, gypsum, manga, ochre -, le, kaolin, gypsum, ortland cement, m include su and numerous othe hematite, and numerous other ores . The soil is is exceptionally r mineral substances necessary to vegetation, exceptionally and rich in substances necessa fertile. In the E. is consequently lon, and is consequ the sandy loam it consists of a E. it consiste in the W. it with is of a vegetable mold, with a vegetable is of a lighter color, greater depth. a lighter The bottom a soil from 2 to 10 feet in depth, the hills, from 1 The bottom lands 2 to 10 feet in d portion of the to 3 feet. Only a 1 to 3 feet. OF , the most abundant State consists of the State consist , cottonwood, trees being abundant trees , maple, oak, elm, walnut, oak, elm, wa mulberry, sycamore, elder, willow, cherry, ulberry, sycan redbud, and cherry, redbud, Agriculture. The excellent soil makes it one of the foremost ag- States. The excellent soil of one of the foremost value of The the acreage, produc- The acreage, pro principal crops was as of the principal c follows: corn, 4,475, production 69,362,000 bushels, 97,107,000 follows;: corn, 4,475,000 on 69,362,000 bush $ 32,287,000; oats, 1,574,000 acres, oats, 1,574,000 ac wheat production wheat, 11,624,000 00; wheat , 11,624, 324,652,000; 151,001,000 hay, bushels, 151,001,000 bush 10; hay, 00; hay, nay, 1,832,000 acres, 1,832,000 acr 1000 potatoes 4,507,000, production tons, value $ 71,211, tons, value $71,21 value $ 9,819,000 5,168,000 production 5,168,0 ; sorghums, acres, production $9,819,000; sorghur 17,888,000 production 17,888,0 bushels, value $26,832,000. 6,832,000. Manufactures. In 1914 there In 1914 there we 41,259 wage earners. manufacturing establishments, emwere ring establishments, en age earners. The cap The capipaid amounted to $ 163,709,000, ounted to $168,709,00 materials to used $ 25,970,000 $, the value $25,970,000, the valu of the 261,248,000, and used $261,248,000, aз products $ 323,234,000. cts $323.234.00 manufacturing establishments at Kansas g establishment City, Argentin Leavenworth, and Wichita. articles City, Argentine, orth, and Wichita and of manufacture inicles of manufacture in railroad packed cars meats, flour and packed meats, flour an and machine, dairy products, cars, dairy products millinery, shop products, mahine shop products, ma books books, saddlery and , saddlery and harness, soap and candles, tobacco and cigars, and refined zinc. Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were 234 National banks in operation, having $12,353,000 in capital, deposits $101,287,000 and surplus $6,942,000. There were also 1,068 State private banks, having total deposits of $280,- 297,000 and $12,488,000 surplus. Education. The school population is about 625,000, and enrollment about 410,000. The average daily attendance in 1920 was about 300,000. The teachers number about 17,000. The State institutions of learning ing are the State University at Lawrence, attendance 1,251, State Normal School at Emporia, State Agriculture College at Manhattan. For higher education there were over 200 public high schools, and many private secondary schools. The colleges and uniinclude the versities for both sexes Oswego College for Young Ladies at Oswego, and the College of the Sisters of Bethany at Topeka. Among the most noted colleges are the Baker University at Baldwin, Washburn College at Topeka, Campbell University at Holton, St. Mary's College at St. Mary's, Ottawa University at Ottawa, Southwest Kansas College at Winfield, infield, Bethany College at Lindsborg, and McPherson College at McPherson. Transportation. -The total mileage of first track railroads in the State is 9,- 648. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific are the longest lines. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Methodist Episcopal; Roman Catholic; Regular Baptist, North; Disciples of Christ; Presbyterian, North; United Brethren; Congregational; Friends; and Lutheran, General Council. Finance. The receipts for the year ending June 30, 1918, amounted to $15,- 066,209, and the disbursements to $15,- 005,384. The balance in the treasury amounted to $2,795,546. The State has no bonded debt. Charities and Corrections. - The following institutions are under the control of the State Board of Administration: Penitentiary at Lansing; Industrial Reformatory at Hutchinson; Girls' Industrial School at Beloit; Boys' Industrial School at Topeka; Industrial Farm for Women at Topeka; hospitals at Topeka, Osawatomie, Larned and Parsons; Home for Feeble Minded at Winfield; Orphans' Home at Atchison; Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Norton; School for the Blind at Kansas City; and School for the Deaf at Olathe. State Government. The governor is term of two years, elected for a Legislative sessions are held biennially and are limited to 50 days each. The Legislature has 40 members in the Senate, and 125 members in the House. There were 8 representatives in Congress. The government in 1920 was Republican. History. Kansas was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, and is believed to have been visited by an army of Spaniards and Indians in 1541. It was explored by the French in 1724, and by Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike, of the United States army, in 1806. It was made a Territory in 1854, and disputes between the slavery and abolition parties made Kansas a scene of bitter partisan conflict. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 opened a new field for the extension of slavery, of which the slaveholders of Missouri and the South hastened to avail themselves, while the anti-slavery party of the North made equally vigorous efforts to people the new Territory. The result was a series of conflicts which continued for four years, fights taking place, towns being burned, and illegal voting freely indulged in. In the end the party opposing slavery triumphed; a constitution excluding slavery was adopted in 1859, and Kansas was admitted as a State, Jan. 29, 1861. During the Civil War Kansas sent into the field a larger number of soldiers, in proportion to its population, than any other State. After the Civil War there was a great influx of immigrants, and since then there has been peace and steady progress.