Kossuth
Kossuth names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Kossuth LOUIS, the leader of the Hungarian revolution
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LOUIS, the leader of the Hungarian revolution; born in Monok in Hungary in 1802. His family was of noble rank, but his parents were poor. He studied law at the Protestant college of Sarospatak, and practiced for a time. In 1832 he commenced his political career at the Diet of Presburg as the deputy of absent magnates. The publication of a lithographed paper led, in May, 1837, to Kossuth's imprisonment. He was liberated in 1840, and became the editor of the "Pesti Hirlap," a newspaper in which he advocated views which took strong hold of the youth of the country. In 1847 he was sent by the county of Pest as deputy to the Diet, and soon became the leader of the opposition. He advocated the emancipation of the peasants, the abolition of all feudal rights and privileges, and, after the French revolution of 1848, openly demanded an independent government for Hungary and constitutional government in the Austrian hereditary territories. To his speeches must in great part be ascribed not only the Hungarian revolution, but the insurrection in Vienna in March, 1848. On the resignation of the ministry in September, 1848, he found himself at the head of the Committee of National Defense, and prosecuted with extraordinary energy the measures necessary for carrying on the war. He was now appointed provisional govof Hungary; but being disapernor pointed in his hopes for the intervention of the Western Powers, and finding the national cause jeopardized by the interference of Russia, he endeavored to arouse the people to a more desperate effort. The attempt was vain. After the defeat at Temesvar on Aug. 9, 1849, he found himself compelled to flee into Turkey, where he was made a prisoner; but, though his extradition dewas manded both by Austria and Russia, the Porte resisted their claims. In September, 1851, he was liberated by the influence of England and the United In Septem States, and, sailed in an American frigby the inate to England, where he was received United with every demonstration of public re- મરજી પર spect and sympathy. In December of was received the same year he landed in the United blle re States, where he met with a most enthusiastic reception. Unite He returned in June, 1852, to England, and there he chiefly resided, till Sardinia and France prepared for war with Austria; when, on condition of something definite being done for Hungarian for war wit independence, he proposed to Napoleon of no to arrange a Hungarian rising against Austria. He secured England's to Napoleon neutrality in the event of the war extending to Hungary. The peace of Villafranca Cand's bitterly disappointed Kossuth, but did not dishearten him. He made two other Villar attempts (in 1860-1861, in conjunction with Cavour and with the help of Napoleon; in 1866, with the aid of Victor Emmanuel) to bring about a rising against Austrian rule in his native country, but without final success. When in 1867 Deák effected the reconciliation of Hungary with the dynasty, and initiated a modus vivendi between the two parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Kossuth retired from active political life. He refused to avail himself of the general amnesty (1867), and to return to his native land to take the oath of fealty to the dynasty he had once dethroned. In 1880-1882 he published three volumes of "Memories of My Exile"; others followed in 1890. He died in Turin, March 21, 1894.
Kossuth FRANCIS, an Hungarian statesman
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
FRANCIS, an Hungarian statesman, born in 1841, the son of Louis Kossuth. He was educated at Budapest where he studied engineering. He engaged in the practice of his profession and at the same time carried on propaganda for the freedom of his country. He was elected as a member of the Hungarian Parliament in 1887 but de- He became eminent as clined to serve. an engineer and was decorated by the Italian Government. On the death of his father the son accompanied the remains to Budapest, where he was greeted with great enthusiasm by the Independents and acclaimed the natural successor of his father and a leader of that party. In 1896 he was elected to the Diet, and in 1905 the party became a dominant one in the Diet and under the influence of Kossuth became great even with the Emperor. He was appointed Minister of Commerce in the Wekerle cabinet, but continued as leader of his party until 1909 when his advocacy of a Hungarian national bank was strongly opposed and he resigned his seat in the Diet. He thereafter took little part in politics and died on May 25, 1914. He edited several volumes of memoirs of his father and also contributed to many scientific papers. He also contributed articles to newspapers and wrote much on the subject of Hungarian independence.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The biography stands: the dates, the flight to Turkey in 1849, the American tour of 1851-52 and the death in Turin in 1894 are all still as Collier's had them in 1921. What the entry does not say is that the independence Kossuth spent forty years in exile demanding had already arrived — the Austro-Hungarian monarchy he refused to swear fealty to collapsed in 1918, and the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 left a shrunken but sovereign Hungary. He has since become the country's least contested national hero, honoured by monarchist, communist and republican governments alike: the state's highest cultural award, founded in 1948, is the Kossuth Prize, and 15 March, the start of his 1848 revolution, is a national holiday. In the United States, where he was the second foreigner after Lafayette to address Congress, his bust stands in the Capitol and Kossuth County, Iowa, still carries his name.
Written for this edition, 2026.