Lebanon
Lebanon names 4 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Lebanon mountain range in mountain range in a Syria
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
mountain range in mountain range in a Syria. The word Lebanon is derived Lebanon is derived meaning "white"; from a Semitic root meaning "white"; is given to the mounand this name is given to the mountains, because of the whitish color of the whitish color of mountains balong geotheir rocks. The mountains belong geologically to the Cretaceous system, and Cretaceons systers and LEBANON VALLEY COLLEGE 441 consist principally of limestones and Union Professors and instructors, 25; chalks. They are divided into two par- 1919: ; president, Rev. G. D. allel ranges, the Lebanon on the W. and students, Gossard.. the Anti-Lebanon (or more correctly Anti-Libanus) on the E. Between them lies the deep valley of the Buka (the Syria), which is from 4 to ancient Cœle- 6 miles wide, and is watered by the rivers Litany and El-Asi (the ancient Orontes). The former flows S. W., then turning abruptly to the W., reaches the sea a little N. of Tyre; while the latter flows in the opposite direction, and after crossing the turns to the plains of Hamath likewise W. to the Mediterranean. The highest summits occur in the N. in both ranges, Antibut are higher in Lebanon than in Lebanon; in the former they vary from 10,018 (El-Kazib) to 7,000 feet and less, and in the latter are about 8,000 or 9,000 feet. In both ranges the E. versant is the steeper and sterner. The W. of Lebanon are broken by numerslopes ous deep transverse valleys, running between the spurs that the main chain sends down to the very edge of the sea, where they often terminate in bold headlands. The W. slopes of Anti-Lebanon are more barren and more broken by crags and bare rocks. The valleys and are generthe lower slopes of the hills ally verdant with vegetation. The vine is extensively grown, and wine is made, but is all consumed at home. Mulberry trees figure prominently; for the manufacture of silk is one of the most impora tant industries of the mountaineers. Olive groves and orchards (nuts and figs) abound everywhere. The higher slopes are in many districts covered with forests of oak, cypress, pine, plane, etc. a Contrary to the current belief, remains of the great cedar forests of Solomon's time exist in more places than the single grove of 377 trees at the head of Kedisha valley. Tobacco, wheat, barley, and millet are the chief crops cultivated. Owing to the elevated situation, the climate is healthful and bracing. Streams of clear water are numerous. The inhabitants number in all about 400,000; 230,000 Maronites, 50,000 Druses, and 30,000 Moslems, and a few converts of the American Protestant and the Roman 30, 1842. Catholic missionaries of Beyrout. After the bloody quarrels of the Druses and Maronites in 1860, the district of Lebanon was separated (1861) from the Turkish pashalik of Syria, and put under Christian governor, the European the a powers constituting themselves "guardians" of the new province.
Lebanon two limestone mountain ranges of northern Syria
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
two limestone mountain ranges of northern Syria. The name signifies white. The ranges run parallel to the eastern shore of the Mediterraanean. They inclose a valley drained by the upper course of the River Jordan. The range east of this valley is called Anti-Lebanon by way of distinction. The highest peak of Lebanon is about 10,000 feet high, higher than any peak in eastern North America . The upper ridges are barren; the lower slopes and valleys afford tillage and pasturage. The fig, olive, and oak are seen. The famous cedars of Lebanon that once clothed the ranges in evergreen have been exterminated save a few venerable trees. Hyenas, wolves, jackals, foxes, and other wild beasts still lurk in rocky glens in the caverns in which a limestone range abounds. The northern part of the region is occupied by the Maronites, a sect of Christians; the southern by a turbulent sect, called Druses. There are also members of the Orthodox Greek Church , Catholics, and several thousand Mohammedans. See Palestine ; Jordan ; Druses ; Cedar ; Damascus
Lebanon a city of Pennsylvania
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city of Pennsylvania, city of Pennsylvania, Lebanon co. It is on It is on the county-seat of Lebanon co. Reading, the Philadelphia and the Corning, the Cornwall, and the Cornwall and Lebanon railnd Lebanon railroads. In the vicinity are important deimportant deposits of brownstone, limestone, and brick clay. There are important iron estone, and am iron mines in the neighborhood. The chief ood. The chief industries are iron mining, quarrying, mining, quarrying, brickmaking, and the manufacture of the manufacture of its, boilers, etc. It has silk, bolts and nuts, boilers, etc. It has court house, and other libraries, a court house, and other public buildings. Pop. (1910) 19,240; (1910) 19,240; (1920) 24,643.
Lebanon a city of Indiana
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city of Indiana, the eit oone co. It is on the county seat of Boone co. It is on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. nati, Chicago and St. Louis and the Central Indiana railroads. ntral Indiana railroads. clude saw mills, chair Its industries include saw mills, chair ased-milk factory, grain factories, a condensed-milk factory, grain elevators, etc. Pop. (1910) 5,474; Pop. (1910) 5,474; (1920) 6,257.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Both accounts describe Lebanon as a pair of mountain ranges inside Ottoman Syria, governed since 1861 as a Christian-led province under European guarantee; even as Collier's went to press in 1921 that arrangement had ended, France having proclaimed the State of Greater Lebanon in September 1920 with Beirut and the coast attached to the mountain. That entity became the independent Republic of Lebanon in 1943, a country of roughly 5.5 million people rather than the 400,000 mountaineers Collier's counted, and its confessional balance of Maronites, Druze, Sunnis and Shia was fought over in a civil war from 1975 to 1990. Collier's was right that more cedar stands survived than the famous grove of 377 trees, though Aiton's 1910 claim that the Bekaa is drained by the Jordan is simply wrong the Litani and Orontes drain it, as Collier's states. The Bsharri cedar grove is now a UNESCO World Heritage site, and the country's modern shocks have been urban rather than pastoral, above all the Beirut port explosion of 4 August 2020.
Written for this edition, 2026.