Lent
Lent names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Lent & eries. Is well fortified
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
& eries. Is well fortified. In their ong observ Roman C race to the sea in 1914 the Germans tured Lens and threatened to outflank arying dur the French army, so that most of eserved as French forces were compelled to retire stival. TH the hills in the vicinity. The German now muc lines were then formed in a prominent oth as to t salient westward embracing Ablain eticinia ma Nazaire and Carency on the higher Lenton ground so as to insure possession hops, and Lens which was an important center diocese at communications. Here the German reek Chu trench works were elaborate, including seven wee such work as the famous Labyrinth sys (excep Nevertheless the works were taken st of the the French in June, 1915, and remained days, the in their hands till the German spring e. Strict drive of 1918. Pop. about 25,000. and lacti in Quinqua LENS, a transparent substance, glican Ch ally glass, surrounded by curved surfaces of Fast so formed that rays of light passing Days of I through it are made to change their eformation rection, and to magnify or diminish 9th century jects at a certain distance. Lenses ally fell in double convex, or convex on both sides d movemer double concave, or concave on both sides ancient plano convex, or plano concave, e influenc with one side plane and the other has been vex, or concave, or convex on one ance of t and concave on the other. If the hout the Ch vexity be greater than the concavity, if the two surfaces would meet if duced, the lens is called a meniscus; foot and if the concavity be greater than the 12 oblong vexity, the lens is termed concavo in twos a Every system of lenses, however vex. with two complicated and whatever be the mutual nd Syris distances of the lenses, will, if the whole an, are sol be centered on a common axis, produce for those real image somewhere in front of In Franc last refracting surface, or else will are cultival pear to produce a virtual image somethe lighte where behind. The rays on being traced aricots an through the complex combination - e.g hich is a a telescope-undergo numerous deviaand the tions: ultimately there is a deviation Farge as a which might have been equally produced more surve by an equivalent lens; equivalent in food. Fro sense of producing an equal ultimate ared Revu eripture we made by em (Gen. zek. iv: 97 is not formed in he "single equivalent viation, for the image is not formed in Repned it in. The systhe same place as the "single equivalent in oproximately equiva lens" would have formed it in. The systhe simple lens plus a tem of lenses is approximately equivang of the focus. the lent in its action to a simple lens plus a ns-diagram, modified determinate shifting of the focus. the shifting, will rep- Treaty Hence a simple lens-diagram, modified te effect of the most He so as to represent the shifting, will replenses. See OBSERVthe resent the aggregate effect of the most the complex system of lenses. See OBSERVgenson of the Church, of ATORY. able ome communions.
Lent a holy season of the Church
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a holy season of the Church, of A fast-formerly of long observance in some communions. but now of 40 days- Pas- Roman Church. - A fast-formerly of ration for the Easter of varying duration, but now of 40 daysity of the Lenten fast refinobserved as a preparation for the Easter fied, and the extent festival. The severity of the Lenten fast great d quantity) to which capis now much modified, and the extent sed is made known by (both as to time and quantity) to which ablished by the the lacticinia may be used is made known by all the churches of to the Lenten indults published by the hial mass. bishops, and read in all the churches of Greek Lent lasts the diocese at the parochial mass. for on all Sat- - St. Greek Church. - The Greek Lent lasts Saturday), on the for seven weeks-35 days, for on all Satnciation, and on all of urdays (except Holy Saturday), on the of fasting is not in of Feast of the Annunciation, and on all tinence from flesh- Sundays, the law of fasting is not in begins on the Monforce. Strict abstinence from fleshweek. . meat and lacticinia begins on the Mon- - In the "Table of by day in Quinquagesima week. Abstinence," the Anglican Church. - In the "Table of d first; but from Days of Fasting and Abstinence," the but the middle of Forty Days of Lent stand first; but from practice of fasting the Reformation till about the middle of usuesuetude. With the the 19th gradually fell into desuetude. With the century the practice of fasting came an endeavor to Oxford movement came an endeavor to actices and discipline; direstore ancient practices and discipline; of the High Church oband the influence of the High Church oductive of a stricter are penitential season clergy has been productive of a stricter ; observance of this penitential season arch. ; throughout the Church. i. e. anching plant, all gh; the leaves con-
Lent an annual fast of forty days preceding Easter Sunday
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
an annual fast of forty days preceding Easter Sunday. The word is Anglo-Saxon meaning the season of spring. It begins on Ash Wednesday and closes on Easter Sunday. In commemoration of Christ's fast of forty days, described in Matthew iv: 2, and as a preparation for Easter, the abstention from amusements and from the eating of hearty food is enjoined by the Greek, Roman Catholic, English, and Lutheran churches. See Good Friday ; Easter Sunday; Mardi Gras ; Carnival ; Ash-Wednesday
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's described in 1921 a Roman Catholic Lent whose severity was already "much modified," with bishops issuing annual indults read at parochial mass to say how far dairy foods (lacticinia) might be used. Those indults are gone: Paul VI's 1966 constitution Paenitemini reduced obligatory fasting for Latin-rite Catholics to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, with abstinence from meat on the Fridays of Lent, and the dairy rules vanished entirely. The Greek Orthodox Great Lent still runs the seven weeks Collier's sets out, and still bars meat and dairy. Meanwhile the revival Collier's credited to the Oxford movement has spread well beyond Anglicanism, with Ash Wednesday services and personal Lenten disciplines now common among Methodists, Presbyterians and other Protestants who once ignored the season.
Written for this edition, 2026.