Leo
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Leo. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of various rulers of the Eastern Empire, as follows: LEO I., called the Elder, emperor of Constantinople, ascended the throne in 457. He was a Thracian of obscure birth, but attained the highest military rank, and was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in succession to Marcianus. He confirmed the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon against the Eutychians, and renewed the war against the Vandals; but was unfortunate, through the treachery of his general Aspar, whom he put to death with his family in 471. The Goths, to revenge the fate of Aspar, poured into the empire, which they ravaged ed to the walls of Constantinople. He died in 474. LEO II., called the Younger, was the son of Zeno and of Ariadne, daughter of Leo I. He succeeded his grandfather in 474. Leo II. is said to have been put to death by his own father after reigning only 10 months. LEO III., called the Isaurian, from the country of his birth, where his parents were poor mechanics. Leo entered the army, and became general-in-chief of the army of Asia, under Justinian II. In 716 he marched against Theodosius III., who had been proclaimed emperor on the deposition of Justinian II.; and Theodosius resigned his crown to him in the following year. The Saracens, having ravaged Thrace, laid siege to Constantinople, which was bravely defended by Leo, who compelled them to retire. His reign, however, was tyrannical, and he drove the patriarch Germanus from his seat, in which he placed Anastasius. He was also guilty of burning the library at Constantinople. The popes Gregory II. and Gregory III. having excommunicated him, he prepared an armament to invade Italy, but the ships were destroyed by a storm. He died in 741. LEO IV., grandson of Leo III.; born in 751, and succeeded his father in 775. He repulsed the Saracens in Asia. He died in 780. LEO V., called the Armenian, from the country of which he was a native. He rose to the rank of general but, being accused of treason, the emperor Nicephorus disgraced him, and imprisoned him in a convent. Michael Rhangabus, on ascending the throne in 811, restored him to his rank; but Leo V., profiting by the misfortunes of his master, headed a military revolt and was elected emperor by the troops in 813. He was one of the most violent of the Iconoclastic princes. He was assassinated in 820. LEO VI., styled the Philosopher; born in 865, was the son and successor of Basilius, the Macedonian, and ascended the throne in 886. The Hungarians, Saracens, and Bulgarians having united against the empire, he called to his asing united sistance the Turks, who entered Bulgaria, which they ravaged with fire and sword. Leo VI. drove the patriarch Photius from his seat; and Nicholas, one of the successors of Photius, excommunicated the emperor; for which Leo VI. deposed him. He wrote some books, the most interesting of which is a treatise on tactics nost in printed at Leyden in 1612. He died in 911. He died Also the name of various Popes, as follows: us Popes, & LEO I., surnamed The Great, Pope, succeeded Sextus III. in 440. He took Great, Pop a very decided part against the Mani- 440. He too chæans and other schismatics, held a st the Mar atics, held council at Rome against Eutyches in 449, and presided by his legates at the Genatyebes in 4 eral Council of Chalcedon two years later. When Attila invaded Italy, Leo I. was sent by the Emperor Valentinian to dissuade him from his threatened march Jentinian on Rome, and Rome was saved. Leo I. Betoned ma afterward saved the city from being Le burned by Genseric. He is the first Pope of whom we possess any written works. the fir He died in 461. wntten w LEO II., Pope; born in Sicily, succeeded Agathon in 682. He claimed au- Sicily, thority over the Eastern Church and was Le claimed succeeded by Benedict II. He died in mrch and 683. He die LEO III., Pope; born in Rome. He succeeded Adrian I. in 795. His first act was to acknowledge the suzerainty of His firs Charles the Great (Charlemagne) by sending him the keys of St. Peter's and the standard of the city of Rome. In 799 a conspiracy was formed against him by two of the Roman clergy, and he was attacked and shamefully ally treated while assisting at the procession of St. Mark. He escaped to Paderborn, to seek the protection of Charles, who sent him back with a powerful escort to Rome. In the following year, 800, Charles visited Rome, and was there crowned by the Pope, emperor of the Romans. A fresh conspircon acy against Leo was discovered in 815, the authors of which were among the leading citizens of Rome and were condemned to death. He died the following year. LEO IV., Pope, a Roman, succeeded Sergius II. in 847. The Saracens having invaded the Ecclesiastical States, he marched against them and obtained a complete victory; after which he put the city of Rome in a state of defense and founded the town of Leopolis. He died in 855. LEO V., Pope, a Benedictine monk who, in in 903, succeeded Benedict IV., but was deposed by his chaplain Christopher. LEO VI., Pope, succeeded John X. in 928. He is said to have been put to death by Marozia. LEO VII., Pope, was elected in succesclose th sion to John XI., son of Marozia. He at a co negotiated a peace between Hugo, King cluded of Italy, and Alberic, Duke of Rome, the -France. son of the celebrated Marozia. spiracy LEO VIII., Pope, was elected to the dinals, on papal chair on the deposition of John other im XII., in 963, under the patronage of the proje Otho I. On Otho's withdrawal John re- Turks, entered Rome, and drove away Leo, but to comple John dying soon afterward, Benedict V. Rome. T was chosen Pope. The Emperor Otho these sche indulgence subsequently took Rome, and exiling Saxony be Benedict reinstated Leo, who died about great ente 965. bull again LEO IX., Pope, previously named Bru- LUTHER. no; born in Alsace, 1002. He was cousin out afresh to the Emperor Conrad the Salic, and V. and Fre was made Bishop of Toul at the age of self first v 22. Through the influence of the Emwith Charl peror Henry III., son of Conrad, and also and the fine by the counsel of the monk Hildebrand, of Greek a he was elected at the Diet of Worms, in nanuscript 1048, to succeed Damasus II. as Pope. Fersity and In 1058 he led an army against the Nor- Florence mans in Italy, but was defeated and taken prisoner by their leader, Robert ersally con ers." He Guiscard, at the battle of Civitella. He LEO XI., was confined at Benevento about 10 Cected Pope months, and falling ill was allowed to rege, and diec turn to Rome, where he died in 1064. LEO X. (GIOVANNI DE MEDICI), Pope, LEO XII. son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, sovereign ope; born of Florence; born in Florence, Floren Italy, in us VII. in 1475. His father had him dedicated to nevolent ch the Church, and made a cardinal by Inppress bar nocent VIII. at the age of 13 years. rbonarism. Exiled from Florence, with the rest of his LEO XIII. family, in 1494, he spent some years in en in Carpi travel in Germany, France, and Flanwas the sO ders. In 1503 he returned to Rome and ucated first applied himself to the cultivation of erbo and t science and the fine arts. He was apano, be p pointed by Julius II. legate with the le Ecclesia papal army, and in 1512 he was taken himself in prisoner by the French at the battle of sophy, H Ravenna, and only regained his liberty s, he was a after the evacuation of Milan by the a domesti French. The Medici were restored to e Segnatur their supremacy at Florence by the arms orders, red of the Spaniards. In the following year, of prothon 1513, Cardinal de Medici was elected nted in suc Pope on the death of Julius II., and Benevento, made his entry into Rome on April 11, to Belgiun the anniversary of his capture at Racreated Ard His pontificate of nine years is venna. y him for one of the most momentous of modern he was no history in relation to great political and in the changes, to the revival of literature and he was cre art, and, above all, to the Reformation. Septemb Leo X. succeeded in terminating the disthe Pope to putes between Louis XII. and the court amerlengo of Rome; he continued and brought to a On the ardinal Pe ntative d the title of the Lateran; and, held at Bologna, conclose the Council of the Lateran; and, at with Francis I. of at a conference held at Bologna, conhe discovered a concluded a concordat with Francis I. of rainst him by two car- France. In 1517 he discovered a conm was hanged, and the spiracy formed against him by two carlife. He formed dinals, one of whom was hanged, and the war against the other imprisoned for life. He formed out the same time the project of a great war against the of St. Peter at Turks, and resolved about the same time essary money for to complete the church of St. Peter at to the sale of Rome. To raise the necessary money for g of which in these schemes he resorted to the sale of ces, the preaching of which in occasion of Luther's indulgences, published his first Saxony became the occasion of Luther's June, 1520. See great enterprise. Leo published his first June, 1520. See epoch, war broke LUTHER. At the same epoch, war broke bull against Luther in he Emperor Charles out afresh between the Emperor Charles the Pope allying himcis, and soon after V. and Francis I., the Pope allying himself first with Francis, and soon after patron of literature with Charles. The patron of literature ouraged the study and the fine arts, he encouraged the study collection of ancient of Greek and the collection of ancient red the Roman Unimanuscripts; restored the Roman Uni- Laurentian Library versity and the great Laurentian Library the name, uni- 'Restorator of Letof Florence; and gained the name, universally conceded, of "Restorator of Let- 1521. ters." He died in 1521. of the Medici family, at a very advanced LEO XI., Pope, of the Medici family, than a month. elected Pope 1605, at a very advanced age, and died in less than a month. LE DELLA GENGA), A. 1760, succeeded LEO XII. (ANNIBALE DELLA GENGA), is noted for his Pope; born in Genoa, 1760, succeeded d his attempts to Pius VII. in 1823. He is noted for his the remains of benevolent character, and his attempts to d in 1829. suppress banditti and the remains of Carbonarism. He died in 1829. NO PECCI), Pope; arch 2, 1810, March LEO XIII. (GIOACCHINO PECCI), Pope; Count Ludovico Pecci. born in Carpineto, Italy, March 2, 1810. the Jesuit College of He was the son of Count Ludovico Pecci. schools of the Collegio Educated first at the Jesuit College of the College of Viterbo and the schools of the Collegio eaded eatly signal Romano, he proceeded to the College of Noble Ecclesiastics. He greatly signalphysies, and Doctor of ized himself in mathematics, physics, and Pope Gregory philosophy. Having become Doctor of d Referendary Laws, he was appointed by Pope Gregory He then took XVI., a domestic prelate and Referendary the Pope the of the Segnatura in 1837. He then took ic, and was holy orders, received from the Pope the tolic delegate title of prothonotary apostolic, and was and Spoleto. appointed in succession apostolic delegate nuncio in 1843, he at Benevento, Perugia, and Spoleto. p of Damietta to he Sent to Belgium as nuncio in 1843, 843, the office. Three years was created Archbishop of Damietta to Bishop of Per qualify him for the office. Three years consistory of Dec. 19, later he was nominated Bishop of Perated a cardinal by Pius ugia, and in the consistory of Dec. 19, er, 1877, he was select. 1853, he was created a cardinal by Pius fill the office of Cardi- IX. In September, 1877, he was selectof the Holy Roman ed by the Pope to fill the office of Cardideath of Plus IX. in nal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman cel was elected as the Church. On the death of Pius IX. in the Moderates. He 1878 Cardinal Pecci was elected as the of Leo XIII. He ro representative of the Moderates. He assumed the title of Leo XIII. He restored the hierarchy in Scotland, and Pope, Celestine III., to take the title of composed the religious difficulty with Germany, so that when a dispute arose in 1885 between Germany and Spain as to the ownership of the Caroline Islands he was requested by Prince Bismarck to act as arbitrator. In political matters Leo permitted the Irish bishops to indulge their own views. In 1887-1888 there were great rejoicings at Rome to celebrate his Jubilee. In May, 1888, the Pope issued a decree denouncing in general terms the methods adopted by some of the Irish leaders in the Plan of Cam- POPE LEO XIII. paign. The following October he received a visit from the German emperor, William II. He regarded himself as the despoiled sovereign of Rome and as a prisoner at the Vatican; refused the income voted him by the Italian Parliament; and persistently declined to recognize the law of guarantees. In 1892- 1893 he effected the establishment of a delegation to the Roman Catholic Church in the United States in the face of opposition by certain American prelates. In letter condemning 1899 he issued a Americanism as set forth by Father Hecker. He died in 1903. Also the name of various kings of the Armenians, as follows: LEO I., Prince or King of the Armenians, established in Cilicia, Cil began to reign in 1123; taken prisoner by John Comnenus in 1137, he died in prison in 1141. LEO II., called The Great, grandson of the preceding, obtained permission of the emperor, Henry VI., and the king; reigned 1185-1219. LEO III., greatly aggrandized his kingdom; reigned 1269-1289. LEO IV., succeeded 1305, dethroned and slain by a Mongol general, 1308. LEO V.'s reign was devastated by civil wars and the invasion of Mamelukes and Turcomans; reigned 1320-1342. LEO VI., proclaimed king 1361, was driven from his kingdom by the Sultan of Egypt, 1375, retiring to retiring France; died there in 1393.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a Latin word meaning the lion. Several Byzantine emperors and thirteen popes have borne the name. POPE LEO I, surnamed the Great, ruled from 440 to 461. It was through his influence that Attila, the "Scourge of God," was induced to leave Italy without sacking Rome. POPE LEO X, who occupied the papal chair from 1513 to 1521, was a de Medici. He was an able pontiff. He expelled a number of petty tyrants from Italy and added their territories to the papal dominion. Like others of the de Medici family, he was a patron of the arts and literature. It was during his pontificate that the sale of indulgences reached its height, and the German Reformation under Luther began. POPE LEO XIII, the last of the name, succeeded Pius IX in 1878. During his rule, the papal state continued a part of unified Italy. Pope Leo, like his predecessor, shut himself up, claiming that he was a prisoner within the Vatican. He refused to become reconciled to the new order of things. He took a deep interest in the suppression of African slavery. He wrote numerous encyclical letters. In one of these he attacked false socialism; in others he defended the institution of marriage as a sacrament of the church. At his death in 1903 he was succeeded by Pius X.