Margaret
Margaret names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Margaret known in Scottish history as the Maid of Norway
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
known in Scottish history as the Maid of Norway, was the grandchild of Alexander III of Scotland. Her mother was the wife of Eric of Norway. While on her way to Scotland in 1290 to be betrothed to the son of Edward I of England, she died in the Orkneys. As might be expected from the death of a young princess under similar circumstances, tradition has surrounded her name with no little romance. There were suspicions of foul play. MARGARET (1353-1412), the Semiramis of the North. Her husband, Hakon, was king of Norway. Her son, Olaf, she managed to have elected king of Denmark. On the death of her husband and son she made herself queen of both countries. She defeated Albert of Sweden and obtained possession of the throne of that country. By the treaty of Calmar in 1397 she united the three countries in one kingdom and was for a time the most powerful monarch in Europe. MARGARET OF ANJOU (1430-1482), the queen of Henry VI of England. She was the daughter of Rene the Good, who laid claim to the throne of Naples. Henry was a man of weak mind. Margaret was practically king. Inasmuch as he was incapacitated to reign, a descendant of an older branch of the royal family laid claim to the throne, precipitating the Wars of the Roses. Warwick, the king maker, fought against her, then for her. She was defeated finally in the noted battle of Tewkesbury. She and her son were made prisoners. Her son was led into the presence of the victorious prince and butchered. Her husband was murdered soon after in the tower. Margaret was held a prisoner for four years and was then ransomed by the king of France. MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (1480-1530) was the daughter of Maximilian I. She was educated at the French court. She was married twice. Her first husband was John of Aragon; her second husband, the prince of Savoy. In 1507 her father made her regent of the Netherlands. She was an able ruler, but has left an unfavorable impression through a persecution of the early Protestant reformers. She took a prominent part with Louise of Savoy in negotiating the peace of Cambrai in 1529, called on that account, "The Peace of the Dames." MARGARET (OR MARGUERITE) OF VALOIS (1492-1549), was a sister of Francis I. She was married twice. Her second husband was Henry d'Albret of Navarre. She used her influence with Francis for the protection of the Huguenots. She was a patroness of men of letters. Rabelais and other literary characters frequented her home. She was the grandmother of Henry of Navarre. MARGARET OF VALOIS (1553-1615), the daughter of Henry II and Catherine de Medici. She was a thorough de Medici. She was celebrated for beauty, learning, and looseness of conduct. She married Henry of Navarre, afterward Henry IV. Their marriage was dissolved by the pope. She visited Henry's second wife and appears to have been little disturbed by the divorce. Margaret. The heroine of Goethe's Faust. See Faust
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
Queen of Norway, Denmark , and Sweden, daughter of Waldemar IV., King of Denmark; born in Copenhagen, in 1353. In 1363 she was married to Haco, King of Norway, youngest son of Magnus Ericson. Magnus and his son were afterward deposed, and Albert of Mecklenburg placed on the throne. Margaret lost, in 1375, her father, Waldemar ; in 1380, her husband, Margaret narrowly escaped. It was a marriage of policy, and not of affection and was dissolved . Having returned to Paris Margaret lived in great splendor Mar. 27, 1615. Some very agreeable and dissipation till her death, in Paris, poems by her "Memoirs" are extremely curious. are extant, and her Haco; and in 1387, her son, Olave two years after whose death she became events which left her queen regnant in Norway, regent in Denmark, and in a situation to receive overtures from the Swedes. Margaret at once furnished her adherents with troops and supplies of war, and the victory of Felkoiping, won by the high marshal of Sweden, Eric Kielson, Sept. 21, 1389, threw open the kingdom to her. The union of the three kingdoms was concluded by the treaty of Calmar. She died in the port of Flensburg, Oct. 28, 1412.
Margaret a name of frequent occurence in European history
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a name of frequent occurence in European history. MARGARET (1045-1093), queen of Scotland, known as St. Margaret. She belonged to the line of Saxon kings driven from the throne by William the Conqueror. She was a granddaughter of Edmund Ironsides. She fled with her brother Edgar to Scotland for protection, and later married Malcolm, the Scottish king. She was a woman of devout piety who consecrated her life to the improvement of the manners of the rude Scottish court, the education of her children, and the instruction of the people in religious matters. She was a noted needlewoman. She taught the women of her court embroidery and similar arts. Her daughter, Matilda, married Henry I, son of William the Conqueror, thus uniting the Saxon and Norman lines of English kings. She was canonized by the church in 1250.
Margaret Queen of Scotland
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
Queen of Scotland; born in Hungary, about 1045. From 1057 she was brought up at the court of her greatuncle, Edward the Confessor. In 1068, with her mother and sister and her boy brother, Edgar the Atheling, she fled from Northumberland to Scotland. Malcolm Canmore next year wedded her at Dunfermline. She did much to civilize the N. realm, and still more to assimilate the old Celtic Church to the rest of marriage at Paris that the massacre of Christendom. She built, too, a stately St. Bartholomew was perpetrated, and church at Dunfermline, and refounded Iona. She bore her husband six sons and two daughters, and died three days after him , in Edinburgh Castle, Nov. 16, 1093.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The biographical outlines here still stand, but the emphases have shifted. Aiton's 1910 note that the Maid of Norway's death in 1290 raised suspicions of foul play is no longer taken seriously: historians attribute her death at Orkney to illness on a stormy autumn crossing, and modern Scottish regnal lists usually count her as queen from 1286, though she never reached Scotland or was inaugurated. Margaret I of Denmark, whose Union of Kalmar of 1397 both accounts describe, is now written about as one of medieval Europe's ablest rulers rather than as the borrowed epithet the Semiramis of the North; her union held for Sweden until 1523 and bound Denmark and Norway until 1814. St Margaret of Scotland remains a saint of the Roman calendar, her feast now kept on 16 November.
Written for this edition, 2026.