Mary
Mary names 7 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Mary Queen of Scots
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Queen of Scots, was born at Linlithgow Palace, near Edinburgh, December 8, 1542, and was executed at Fotheringay Castle, England, February 8, 1587. Her birth came but a few days before the death of her father, James V, at Solway Moss. A few months later, while still a babe in arms, she was crowned with ceremony at Stirling Castle. During her infancy Scottish affairs were managed by ambitious noblemen, known as regents. When six years old she was betrothed to Francis, the son and heir of the French king. In 1548 she was sent to Paris to be brought up in the brilliant and shameless court which revolved about Catharine de Medici. Ten years later she was married to Francis. Mary's mother was Mary of Lorraine, a member of the Guise family. It should be remembered that Mary was actually queen of Scotland. Her husband was the prospective king of France. Her ambitious uncles, the Guises, induced the newly married couple to assert a claim to the English throne, to which Mary had some faint title. This claim was received with approbation by the Catholics of England, and made the Protestant queen, Elizabeth, who had just ascended the throne, Mary's enemy for life. In the year following the marriage Mary's husband was called to the throne of France under the name of Francis II. He died in 1560. Mary set sail from Calais for Leith, the port of Edinburgh. She is said to have wept as the shores of France faded from her sight. Elizabeth had refused her a peaceful safe conduct, and, in fact, sent out ships to intercept her, but Mary reached Leith and Edinburgh in safety. During her absence the Scottish Reformation had taken place. Presbyterianism was now the established Church of Scotland. Mary acquiesced in the new order of things, but obtained permission to follow the teachings and practices of her own church in private. Her reign began auspiciously. She was a woman of vivacity, wit, youth, and wondrous beauty. Her hand was sought in marriage, not only by the noblemen of Scotland, but by princes of Europe and the ambitious nobles of Elizabeth's court. It is believed that her popularity and reputation for beauty further excited the English queen's jealousy. Had Mary married a respectable man at home and settled down to attend to the affairs of the kingdom, her life would have been different. Mary, however, was but a woman at the head of a turbulent body of ambitious, unprincipled nobles,-the Catholic queen of a Protestant country. Her private conduct soon degenerated into a tissue of deceit, intrigue, and it is believed, shameless living, without parallel even in the family history of the de Medicis. In 1562 a young noble who had come in her train from France was found in her bedchamber for the second time and expiated his offense on the scaffold. Two years later Mary was married privately to a young Lord Darnley, a man utterly without character or intellect. Their marriage was celebrated in public July 29, 1565. On the ninth of the following March her private apartments were invaded at the instigation, it is believed, of Darnley, and David Rizzio, an Italian who served her in the capacity of secretary, was dragged forth and slain at the very threshold of her waiting room. In the midst of the scandal brought upon the court by this occurrence, her son, James, afterward James I of England, was born. About this time Mary formed an attachment for Bothwell, a disreputable Scottish nobleman. An attempt was made to get rid of Darnley, it is believed by poison. This failing, he was lodged in an outlying building where the queen saw him for the last time, leaving him sick in body and in mind. That night the building was blown up with an explosion of gunpowder that shook Edinburgh to its very center. The dead bodies of Darnley and a page were found the next day. They had apparently been strangled. There is little doubt that Bothwell and his servants performed the deed. There is the strongest belief that Mary was privy to it. At all events, she put off from time to time judicial inquiry into the cause of Darnley's death, shielded Bothwell from prosecution, permitted him to intercept her when she was out riding one day, and ended by marrying the detestable scamp. The sight of Mary and Bothwell riding down the streets of Edinburgh together in gay spirits was too much for the Scots. Her nobles rose in arms. Bothwell fled to the Orkneys, thence to Denmark, where he was seized and imprisoned. Mary was shut up in Loch Leven Castle. Murray was appointed regent. Mary corrupted George Douglas, the son of her jailor, and effected her escape. While she was making for Dumbarton Castle with a few thousand adherents, she was intercepted by the regent at Langside, near Glasgow. Her followers were scattered. Mary fled across the English border and threw herself upon the mercy of Queen Elizabeth. She was detained first in some state. She was removed finally to Fotheringay Castle. During Mary's imprisonment Elizabeth was in fear of a Catholic uprising. Spain and France were supposed to be ready to grant Mary assistance at any time. Whether Mary herself took an actual part in certain uprisings is still a matter of dispute. When these accusations were brought home to Mary, she defended herself before the English lawyers with great skill for a period of two days. Finally, however, the privy council of England decided on her death. Queen Elizabeth, after many delays, and with apparent reluctance, signed the death warrant. The details of Mary's death excited a world-wide interest. She sent mementos to her friends, forgetting no one. She walked to the hall of execution with a firm step and met her fate at the hands of the headsman with a fortitude becoming one descended from a long line of princes. Her remains were buried at Peterborough. In 1612, her son having in the meanwhile become James I of England, her body was conveyed to Westminster and buried in a sumptuous tomb in the chapel of Henry VII . Whatever her failings may have been, hers is without doubt the most observed of all the tombs in that great edifice. Mary spoke and read four languages, Latin, French, Italian, and English. She had a winning voice, and was a singer of remarkable sweetness. Her body was well formed, her carriage stately. She showed to advantage on horseback and was a graceful dancer. She had a small, well formed hand. She delighted in embroidery and needlework. Her complexion was clear, her features sharp. She had hazel eyes of wonderful brilliancy. See Elizabeth; Marie Antoinette
Mary QUEEN OF SCOTS the Earl of Murray
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
QUEEN OF SCOTS the Earl of Murray, after bitterly oppos the crown, but was defeated. Darnley, ing this union, headed a rebellion against determined to murder the minion; and jealous of the queen's parasite Rizzio, accordingly burst into the queen's apartment in Holyrood Palace, where she was supping with Rizzio and others, March 9, 1566, and dragged the Italian from the queen's presence, dispatched him on the stairs. They next imprisoned Mary; but she, effecting her escape, reconciled herself with Murray and pursued her vengeance on Rizzio's murderers, excepting Darnley. June 19 of the same year her only child, afterward James VI. of Scotland and James I. of England, was born. the Earls of Murray and Bothwell, and A plan was now entered into between other nobles, for the assassination of Darnley, then lying ill at Kirk-of-Field, a house near Edinburgh. The house containing the sick Darnley was blown up by gunpowder on the night of Feb. 9, Vol. VI-Cvc-J 1567, while the queen was attending a tion of 3,000 feet. The Atlantic coast has masquerade at Holyrood Palace. Mary showered honors and favors on Bothwell, one of the prominent actors in the tragedy. His trial was demanded and took place, but merely as a farce. Mary was seized by Bothwell at the head of a strong body of retainers, and conveyed to his castle of Dunbar; but, being permitted to return to Edinburgh, she there created her lover Duke of Orkney, and married him. The great nobles at once formed a combination against the queen, supported by the burghers of the principal cities, and seized the castle of Edinburgh. June 15 the two armies met at Carberry Hill, where the royal troops at once surrendered. Bothwell fled, and the queen was taken to Lochleven Castle and there placed in confinement. On the 25th of the same month she signed her abdication of the crown in favor of her infant son, with the Earl of Murray as regent. In May, 1568, she succeeded in escaping from Lochleven, and assembling some adherents encounter encountered the regent Murray's army at Langside, near Glasgow, where she was utterly defeated and her cause irretrievably lost. Mary fled to England, and was at first considerately treated by Elizabeth, who later committed her to prison. She was removed to Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire in 1586, was declared guilty of treason, and condemned to death. She was brought to the block in Fotheringay Castle, Feb. 8, 1587.
Mary called in the New Testament the Mother of Jesus
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
called in the New Testament the Mother of Jesus. MARY OF MAGDALA. See MAGDA- LEN. MARY I. (MARY TUDOR), Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII. and 141 MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS his first queen, Catherine of Aragon; 17 months, her husband dying in Decemborn in Greenwich Palace, Feb. 18, 1516. She early espoused her mother's cause during the proceedings for divorce then pending, and thereby became estranged from her father. On her accession to the throne in 1553 she liberated the imprisoned Roman Catholic prelates, substituting Archbishop Cranmer, Bishop Latimer, and other leading Protestant divines in their stead; then she sent Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley, to the block on a charge of treason; and on the instigation of Gardiner proclaimed the repeal of all the laws of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. for the maintenance of the Reformed religion. She married Philip II. of Spain in 1554. In 1557, war being renewed between France and Spain, and Mary taking sides with Spain , Calais was lost to the English nation. She died in St. James Palace, Nov. 17, 1558. MARY II., Queen of England; born in St. James Palace , April 30, 1662. She was daughter of James, Duke of York, afterward James II. , by his wife Anne Hyde, daughter of Lord Clarendon. She was married in 1677 to William, Prince of Orange; and when the Revolution dethroned her father, Mary was declared joint-possessor of the throne with William, on whom all the administration of the government devolved. She died of smallpox in Kensington Palace, Dec. 28, 1694. Albert Frederick,
Mary QUEEN OF SCOTS (MARY STUART)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
QUEEN OF SCOTS (MARY STUART), only daughter of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Guise; born in Linlithgow, Scotland, Dec. 8, 1542. James, dying of chagrin in a few days after her her birth, the Parliament made James, Earl of Arran-head of the great house of Hamilton , and heir-presumptive to the throne regent of the kingdom. Mary was crowned Queen of Scotland, at Stirling, in 1543. The young queen's betrothal to the Dauphin, son of Henry II., led to Mary's visit to France in 1548, where George Buchanan taught her Latin, and Ronsard, poetry. The marriage of the Dauphin with Mary took place in 1558. On the death of Henry II., and her husband's accession to the throne as Francis II., Mary became Queen of France, a position which lasted not quite ber, 1560. Mary now coldly treated in country. In Scotland, at this time, the France resolved to return to her native Roman Catholic party had been overthrown. of national importance, she finally made Mary's marriage becoming an object choice of her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a handsome, accomplished, dissipated youth. On July 20, 1565, Darnley was created Duke of Albany, and nine days after the marriage was solemnized; Darnley being created, also, king-consort on the day preceding. Her half-brother,
Mary that is, Mary of Magdala
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
that is, Mary of Magdala, a woman mentioned in the New Testament as having had seven devils cast out of her, as watching the crucifixion, and as having come early to the sepulcher on the resurrection morning. She was erroneously identified as the "woman who was a sinner" (Luke vii: 37), and hence the term Magdalen came to be equivalent to a penitent fallen woman. MAGDALENE COLLEGE (England), a Cambridge University college. Founded by Baron Audley of Walden, Chancellor of England, it dates from 1519, but really began its career in 1542. A Benedictine house, called Monk's Hostel, founded in 1442, first occupied the site. Buckingham College, the first educational institution erected here, was supported by property in London and the spoil of the monasteries. A peculiar feature of the foundation of Magdalene College is the appointment of the master by the owner of Audley End, seat of the founder. The college is noted for three libraries, the college library proper, the Peckard, and the Pepysian. The last occupying a separate building contains the collection of Samuel Pepys, the diarist, and the manuscript of his work, and rare documents, including the love letters of Henry VIII. to Anne Boleyn.
Mary The Virgin Mary
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
The Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. She is described in the New Testament narrative as a maiden in lowly circumstances, but of the line of David. She lived in the obscure village of Nazareth, in Galilee, and was betrothed to Joseph, a carpenter. Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judea, in one of the eastern inns contrived for the accommodation of both beast and traveler. There is a tradition to the effect that she died at Jerusalem 63 A. D. She became an object of general veneration by the church during the third and fourth centuries. See Madonna
Mary Queen consort of George V
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
Queen consort of George V. of England; born in 1867, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. Married Prince of Wales, afterward King George V, July 6, 1893. Five sons and a daughter were born of the union-Edward Albert, 1894; Henry, 1900; George, 1902, and John, 1905. ck, 1895; Mary, 1897;
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Mary Queen of Scots dominates this page, and the bare chronology Aiton's gave in 1910 -- Linlithgow 1542, Kirk o' Field 1567, the block at Fotheringhay in February 1587 -- still stands, with one slip: her father James V died at Falkland Palace weeks after the rout at Solway Moss, not at Solway Moss itself. What has moved is the verdict. Aiton's wrote of a private life of shameless living and a strongest belief that Mary was privy to Darnley's murder; modern historians treat her complicity as unproven, largely because the Casket Letters on which the charge rested vanished after 1584 and survive only in copies whose authenticity cannot be tested. Her grave has moved too: the Peterborough burial the entry mentions lasted only until 1612, when her son James had her reinterred in Westminster Abbey, a few yards from Elizabeth. The other bearers of the name gathered here keep their places in the record, but none has drawn anything like the same continuing argument, or the stream of plays, films and biographies that has followed the Scottish queen.
Written for this edition, 2026.