Maryland
Maryland names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Maryland a State in the South Atlantic Division of the North American Union
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a State in the South Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Atlantic Ocean; one of the original 13 States; counties, 24; area, 9,860 square miles; pop. (1890) 1,042,390; (1900) 1,- 188,044; (1910) 1,295,346; (1920) 1,449,- 661. Capital, Annapolis. Topography. The surface of the State is varied, with three prominent divisions, the Coast Plain, including the Western Shore, between the ocean and Chesapeake Bay; the Piedmont plateau, extending from the bay W. to the Catoctin Mountains, and the Appalachian Mountain region. The Chesapeake Bay cuts the State in two parts, and with its principal affluent, the Potomac river, forms the principal water system of the State. The mountains in the W. are divided into three ranges, the Blue Ridge, Appalachian, and Allegheny, and reach an elevano good harbors, but the bay with its numerous coves and estuaries gives excellent facilities for water transportation. The principal rivers are the Potomac on the S. boundary, the Susquehanna flowing in from Pennsylvania on the N. and emptying in the bay, and the Patuxent, Patapsco, Gunpowder on the Western Shore; and the Elk, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke, on the Eastern Shore, all of which empty into Chesapeake Bay. Geology. Nearly every geological period is represented in Maryland, the Archæan deposits are found over nearly the whole State. Metamorphosed rocks, such as granites, gneisses, basalt, and marble, occur in the Piedmont Plateau, and in western Maryland the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous series are found. The Eastern Shore presents sands, clays, and granites of more recent origin. The Upper Jurassic period is represented by dinosaurian remains in Prince George's county. Soil. The soil in the E. part of the State is a light light sandy loam, and is especially adapted to truck farming and market gardening. The soil in the valleys of the N. and central portions is especially adapted to grass and wheat cultivation. The climate is equable, and not subject to sudden changes, the thermometer seldom falling below zero. The principal forest trees include cypress, gum, cedar, juniper, dogwood, holly, magnolia, elm, cherry, oak, locust, sycamore, sassafras, poplar, maple, walnut, ash, birch, chestnut, hickory, and pine. Mineral Production. - Practically the only mineral production in the State is coal, and of this between three and four million tons are produced annually. About 6,000 men are employed in the coal mines of the State, and the product is valued at about $4,000,000. Other mineral products are sandstone, granite. slate, pottery, and mineral waters. Agriculture. In addition to the regular farm crops, the State is a large producer of truck garden products, including tomatoes and fruits. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 were as follows: corn, 28,413,000 bushels, valued at $39,778,000; oats, 1,820,000 bushels, valued at $1,492,000; wheat, 10,655,000 bushels, valued at $22,930,000; tobacco, 19,575,000 pounds, valued at $5,872,000; hay, 630,000 tons, valued at $15,120,000; potatoes, 5,170,000 bushels, valued at $6,721,000. The figures for live stock were as follows: horses, about 170,000, valued at about $20,000,000; mules, about 25,000, valued at about $3,500,000; milch cows, about 175,000, valued at about $10,- 2 3 3 38 30 4 38 5 Co 000,000; other cattle, about 120,000, valued at about $3,600,000; sheep, about 223,000, valued at about $1,660,000; swine, about 350,000, valued at about $3,- 400,000. The production of wool annually amounts to about 750,000 pounds. Manufactures. - The State has great manufacturing importance, especially in and around Baltimore. The total number of establishments in 1914 was 4,797, the total number of wage earners, 111, 585, the capital invested amounted to $293,211,000, the amount paid in wages, the $53,792,000, the value of materials, $238,- 972,000, and the value of the completed products at $337,749,000. Banking. There were in 1919 95 National banks, with an outstanding circulation of $10,632,753 and a capital of $16,- 400,000 and United States bonds in deposit, $9,677,000. There were 112 State banks with a capital of $5,150,000, deposits of $75,876,000 and a surplus of $3,632,000. There were 26 trust companies with a capital of $10,570,000 and deposits of $113,846,000. The exchanges The exc in the clearing house in Baltimore for ing September 30, 1919, the year ending amounted to $4,196,983,000. Transportation. The total railway mileage in the State is about 1,400 miles of single track. The Baltimore and Ohio has 336 miles, the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, 329 miles, the mil Western Maryland, 272 miles, and the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic, 88 miles. Education. The school population of the State is about 420,000 and the enrollment in the county schools is about 150,000. There are about 2,400 schools in the counties and about 125 in Balti- The average daily attendance in more. the county schools is about 150,000. About 6,000 teachers are employed. The total expenditures for educational purposes exceeds $5,000,000 annually. The total value of the school property is more than $10,000,000. 0. There are many private schools in the State and several important colleges and universities, includ- Johns Hopkins University, University ing of Maryland, Western Maryland College, Goucher College for Women, and the Women's College. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are Roman Catholic; Methodist Episcopal; Protestant Episcopal; Lutheran, General Synod; African Methodist; Methodist Protestant; Reformed; Methodist Episcopal, South; Presbyterian, North; and Regular Baptist, South. Finances. The total receipts for State expenses for the fiscal year 1919 amounted to $13,128,211, and the disbursements to $1 $12,537,881. There was a balance on hand at the end of the year amounting to $3,018,617. Charities and Corrections. All the public charitable institutions of the State are under the supervision of the Board of nd Charities. Among the and State Aid most important of these institutions are the following: Home and Infirmary of Western Maryland, the Hospital for Consumptives, Industrial Training School for Girls, Industrial Home for Colored Girls, the Spring Grove State Hospital, the Springfield Hospital for the Insane, the Tuberculosis Sanitorium, and the Eastern Shore State Hospital. State Government. -The governor is elected for a term of four years, and receives a salary of $4,500 per annum. Legsalary islative sessions are held biennially in even years beginning on the first Wednesday in January, and are limited in length to 90 days. The Legislature has 27 members in the Senate, and 102 in the House, each of whom receives $5.00 per day. There are 6 representatives in Congress. The State government in 1920 was Democratic. History. The earliest settlement in Maryland occurred in 1631, in which year a party of English, from Virginia, under Capt. William Clayborne, established themselves on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay. The main colonization of this region, however, was made in 1634, by a body of English Roman Catholic cavaliers, under a charter granted to the 2d LORD BALTIMORE (q. v.) by Charles I., bearing date June 20, 1632. The expedition sailed from England in November, 1633, and landed on St. Clement's Island in March, 1634, founding the settlement of St. Mary's on the mainland, two days after their arrival. Leonard Calvert was elected first governor, and a House of Assembly established in 1639, which, 11 years later, was divided into two houses - the one consisting of members chosen by the Proprietary, and the other by the Freemen. In 1642, difficulties supervened from the introduction of the Puritan element into the province in the shape of a body of non-conformists, who had been bod exiled from Virginia. The latter, true to their natural instincts of bigotry and intolerance, soon manifested a spirit of insubordination toward the executive of their newly-adopted country; and made themselves masters of the province in 1644. Two years later, however, Governor Calvert, returning at the head of a considerable ble military force, succeeded in re-establishing his authority. On the overthrow of the royal authority in Eng land, and the substitution of the Com monwealth and Puritan rule, the partisans of the latter, who had by this time obtained a considerable footing in the province of Maryland, demanded an instant recognition of the new form of government. The Proprietary and executive, however, proclaimed Charles II., but were compelled, in 1652, to abdicate their functions, which were usurped by commissioners dispatched from the pu puritanical home government. In 1654 Lord Baltimore made a resolute attempt to restore his authority, and a civil war ensued, in which the Puritans were eventually victorious, in 1655. At length, after the restoration of Charles II., the Proprietary was reinstated. In 1729 Baltimore was founded, and in 1745 the Maryland "Gazette," the first journal printed in the province, was published at Annapolis, maintaining its existence for 94 years afterward. Frederick City was laid out in 1751, and the colony progressed rapidly in wealth and population. In 1774 the Stamp Act, and the act levying a duty on tea, met with resolute and active opposition from the Marylanders, who, assembled in convention, abolished the Proprietary government, and substituted therefor a Committee of Public Safety. In 1776 a convention of the people adopted a bill of rights, and a constitution; in the following year, the first elected Legislature was convened at Annapolis, and in March, Thomas Johnson took office as the first republican governor. During the Revolution the Marylanders bore a highly distinguished part, participating in nearly every battle of the war. During g the can campaign of 1812, Maryland suffered severely from the naval operations of the British; Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, other places being plundered and burned. The militia of the State as vainly opposed the march of the English army to Washington in 1814. In the same year occurred the battles of Bladensburg and North Point; in the former of which the enemy was successful, while in the latter the British General Ross was killed, and the Americans gained a slight advantage. An attack (Sept. 14-16) on Baltimore by the enemy's fleet was successfully of the Civil re War, repelled. At the outbreak of in 1861, the Marylanders were divided in sentiment, many of the people being in sympathy with the Confederates, though the State remained loyal to the Federal cause. During a series of Confederate invasions from Virginia during the protraction of the war, the State became the theater of important military operations and sanguinary engagements. Maryland is one of the few States of the Union that rejected the ratification of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. In 1867, a new constitution was adopted, making several important changes in the organic law of the State. In the year 1880, Baltimore celebrated its 150th anniversary with a week of festivities, and in 1884 the 250th anniversary of the landing of the colonists was celebrated. In 1891, a monument was erected to Leonard Calvert, the first governor, on the site of the old city of St. Mary's, the first capital of the State, of which scarcely a trace remains. MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL COL LEGE, an educational institution sup. ported by the State of Maryland, situated at College Park, Md. It includes faculties of chemistry, biology, horticulture, mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering. In 1912 a fire destroyed many of the old buildings, and temporary structures have been erected to serve until the new buildings, now in the course of construction, have been wacompleted. The college has no endowment and is dependent upon the appropriations granted by the State of Maryland and the United States Government. In 1919 the college had about 600 students, the faculty numbering 42.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
one of the thirteen original states of the American Union. In outline the state is the most irregular on the map. The southern boundary reaches the Atlantic Ocean at 38 deg. N. latitude. The northern boundary of the state is Mason and Dixon's Line . The extreme western boundary is a north and south line running from the shores of the Potomac to the line mentioned. The eastern boundary between Delaware and Maryland is drawn through a point midway between the Atlantic and the Chesapeake. It is tangent to the circumference drawn with a radius of twelve miles about Newcastle, Delaware, as a center. The colony was named for Maria, the wife of Charles I of England, who granted the Baltimores the original charter. The total area of the state is 12,210 square miles. TOPOGRAPHY. About one-fifth of this area is covered by the waters of the Potomac and other rivers, and by the Chesapeake. A few miles at the extreme west are drained through the Youghiogheny (yo-ho-ga'n1) into the Ohio River. A few small creeks run into the Atlantic direct. The rest of the state drains into the Chesapeake. The tides run up the Potomac to a point about ten miles above the city of Washington. The chief rivers of the state are the Potomac, the Patuxent, and the Susquehanna. Annapolis is the capital, Baltimore, on the Patapsco, the metropolis. GEOLOGIC. The tides rise and fall throughout the entire region surrounding the Chesapeake. This tide-water region, as it is called, is, for the most part, level and sandy. Strata of sand and clay overspread deposits of marl. The western portion of the state rises into limestone and gneiss hills. The marble of Baltimore county is celebrated for its fine quality. The Washington monument in Washington, D. C., is built largely of this material. Iron ore is of superior quality. There are valuable seams of coal. The celebrated Big Vein of George Creek, in the vicinity of Cumberland, is fourteen feet in thickness. There is an abundance of clays suitable for brick and porcelain. INDUSTRIES. The tide-water region is devoted to raising fruit and vegetables for Eastern markets. Maryland peaches are celebrated for their flavor. Tobacco is an important crop. The fisheries of the state, including oysters and terrapin, are worth $10,000,000 a year. Iron, coal, and lumber are at hand. The facilities for transportation by rail and by water are unexcelled. Maryland takes high rank, therefore, as a manufacturing state. Almost every kind of merchandise that can be made of wood, paper, or metal is made within its borders. The chief contribution to the food supply of the world is in the form of canned fruits, vegetables, and oysters. Shipbuilding is an important industry. HISTORICAL. Maryland was settled by English Catholics under Lord Baltimore in 1634. The early government of the colony was noted for tolerant religious views. Lord Baltimore's Toleration Act of 1649 should be quoted: WHEREAS, The enforcing of the human conscience in matters of religion hath frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths in which it hath been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province and the better to preserve mutual love and amity amongst the inhabitants thereof; BE IT ENACTED, That no person or persons whatsoever within this Province, professing to believe in Christ Jesus, should, from henceforth, be in any ways troubled, molested or discountenanced for or on respect of his or her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof, nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his or her consent. Many French Catholics driven from their homes at the time of the French Revolution immigrated to Maryland. The Catholic church is still the leading religious body of the state. Baltimore is regarded as Catholic headquarters in the United States . When the Puritans got the upper hand in the colony they passed an act declaring Roman Catholics ineligible either to hold office or to vote. They even forbade the Catholics the privilege of educating their children in their own faith. Catholic parents were forced to send their children abroad or to educate them in secret. This state of things was put an end to in 1776. EDUCATION, ETC. The government of the state presents no peculiar features. A state system of common school education was established in 1867. There are two state agricultural colleges, one for whites and one for colored people. The secondary and college work of the state is largely in the hands of denominational institutions. The Jesuits maintain a number of colleges. The population in 1900 was 1,188,044, of which 235,064 were negroes. During the war for independence Maryland furnished her full quota of troops and contributed her full share of expenses. She refused, however, to ratify the present Constitution until Connecticut, Virginia, and other states had resigned all claims to territory west of the Alleghanies. Maryland was expected to join the Southern Confederacy, but was restrained by the presence of Northern troops. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 9.860 State revenue $4,500,000 Assessed valuation of property $765,000,000 Bonded indebtedness (1907) $978,926 Population 1,275,434 Baltimore 553,669 Cumberland 19,768 Hagerstown 15,673 Frederick 9,956 Annapolis 9,077 Number counties 24 Members of state senate 27 Representatives 101 Salary of governor $4,500 U. S. Representatives 6 Presidential electors 8 Agricultural Products- Corn, bushels 22,190,000 Wheat, bushels 12,500,000 Oats, bushels 4,000,000 Potatoes, bushels 2,000,000 Sweet potatoes, bushels 677,000 Tobacco, pounds 20,000,000 Butter, pounds 12,000,000 Eggs, dozens 12,500,000 Wool, pounds 687,000 Capital invested $202,000,000 Operatives 95,000 Raw material $150,000,000 Output of manufactured goods $243,000,000 Output of canned goods (1905) $7,000,000 Tons of coal mined 5,500,000 Tons of iron ore 411,000 Clay products $2,000,000 Domestic Animals- Horses 158,000 Mules 17,500 Milk cows 155,000 Other cattle 140,000 Sheep 163,000 Swine 293,000 Goats 1,179 Miles of railway 1,469 Teachers in public schools 5,290 Pupils enrolled 234,000 Percentage of male teachers 16.7 Average annual expenditure per pupil.$24.51 See Baltimore ; Chesapeake; Key Maryland! My Maryland! A song popular among the Confederates during the Civil War. It was written by J. R. Randall in 1861. The tune is that of Lauriger Horatius, a college song.
Maryland UNIVERSITY OF, a non-sectarian institution for both sexes
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
UNIVERSITY OF, a non-sectarian institution for both sexes, located at Annapolis and Baltimore. It was founded in 1807. In 1919 the faculty members numbered 211 and about 1,400 students were enrolled. The University has an income from invested funds of $150,000 and some $50,000 are derived from other sources. The University li brary contains about 25,000 volumes.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Collier's counted Maryland in 1921 the state held 1,449,661 people; the 2020 census recorded 6,177,224, with most of the growth in the Washington and Baltimore suburbs rather than in Baltimore City, whose population peaked around 1950 and has since fallen by roughly a third. The coal that Collier's called "practically the only mineral production in the State" has all but vanished as an industry, and the tobacco crop of 19,575,000 pounds effectively ended with a state buyout of growers begun in 2000; the economy now leans on federal agencies, defense contracting, Johns Hopkins medicine and biotechnology. The Eastern Shore, reachable in 1921 only by boat or a long land detour, was joined to the Western Shore by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in 1952. Annapolis remains the capital, and the Chesapeake still divides the state, though the bay's oyster fishery has collapsed to a small fraction of its historic yield.
Written for this edition, 2026.