Minerva
Minerva names 3 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Minerva in Roman mythology
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
in Roman mythology, the goddess of wisdom and war, the liberal arts, science, and learning. She is reputed to have been the offspring of Jupiter's brain, without a mother. She is also called Athena, Pallas, Parthenos, Tritonia, Glaucopsis (Blue- Eyes), Agoræa, Hippia, Stratea, Area, Sais, etc., according to the arts she taught or the functions over which she presided. The serpent, the owl, and the cock were sacred to her; and among the plants, the olive. She was worshiped over all parts of Greece; but her great temple was the Parthenon at Athens, where she was the presiding goddess, Aluminum. Antimonial Antimony Bauxite. Cadmium. Chromic Copper, Ferroalloys. Gold.. Iron-Ore.. Lead ( Manganese Manganiferous Nickel ( Platinum Quicksilver Silver. Tin ( metallic Titanium Tungsten Uranium Zinc, sales Total Arsenious Asbestos. Asphalt Barytes ( Borates. Bromine Calcium - Cement Clay - Coal - Coke....... Diatomaceous Emery ( Feldspar. Fluorspar Fuller's earth Garnet for Gems and Graphite Whitealte Grindstones Gypsum MINERAL PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1918 AND 19192 PRODUCT-METALLICs to Quantity-1918-Value Quantity-1919-Value ....pounds. $41,159,000 $38,558,000 .. lead short tons (2,000 pounds) 18,570 2,826,350 12,822 1,407,774 5,183 21,306,116 2,502 2 410,328 .long tons (2,240 pounds) 605,721 3,447,992 376,566 2,201,747 ..pounds.. 127,164 188,203 99,939 121,926 iron ore long tons. 82,430 3,955,567 3,900 87,000 sales value ..pounds.. 1,908,533,595 471,408,000 1,310,972,580 243,841,000 long tons.. 750,868 115,433,943 3 3 troy ounces.. 3,320,784 68,646,700 2,829,395 58,488,800 .long tons.. 72,021,202 4244,368,147 56,319,000 4203,274,000 66 Pig..... 38,230,440 1,180,759,565 30,646,000 809,246,000 refined) sales value. short tons.. 539,905 76,667,000 431,000 45,686,000 ore ( 35 per cent. or more Mn) .long tons.. 305,869 8,240,386 58,243 1,974,114 ore ( 5 to 35 per cent. Mn) 1,170,462 5,635,579 396,572 1,469,115 value at New York City) short tons. 441 401,000 1,511 434,485 and allied metals ( value at New York City) .troy ounces. 59,753 6,417,980 45,109 5,614,335 flasks (75 pounds net) ( value at San Francisco) 32,883 3,863,752 21,348 1,927,511 67,810,139 troy ounces. 66,485,129 55,285,196 61,966,412 short tons.. equivalent) .. 69 118,500 60 78,600 " ore ( rutile) ... 261 39,150 ... 96 20,000 ore ( 60 per cent. concentrates) 66 5,068 6,650,000 330 357,000 66 and vanadium minerals. 957,000 .. 1,100,000 value ... 492,405 .. 89,618,000 452,272 66,032,000, 242 value of metallic products ( approximate) 2,152,919,000 1,373,400,000 .. PRODUCT-NON-METALLIC 201000 172 000 000 oxide5 .short tons.. 6,323 1,213,000 6,029 6.... .. 802 121,687 1,031 311,750 587,609 8,216,012 715,000 10,000,000 crude) 66 155,368 MINERAL PRODUCTION 1,044,905 190,000 1,454,000 66 88,794 2,179,830 66,146 1,380,000 ...pounds.. 1,727,156 970,099 1,957,500 1,381,000 magnesium chloride short tons.. 26,624 503,452 26,500 341,200 barrels (376 pounds net). 71,348,474 113,554,854 86,013,000 145,058,000 Products 2,976,361 220,573,493 260,790,000 Raw.. short tons.. 4 8,332,641 2,363,000 47,077,000 Bituminous. 579,385,820 66 1,491,809,940 458,063,000 7 Pennsylvania anthracite. 88,237,575 long tons.. 336,480,347 77,000,000 7 short tons.. 56,478,372 *382,324,368 44,821,000 48 ( infusorial) earth and tripoli. 8859 22,947 " 224,801 7 7 .. also corundum in 1918). пpe 10,422 112,878 2,000 42,000 .. 99,120 674,346 7. 7 ... 66 5,465,481 263,817 122,000 3,102,000 TOLODE 84,468 1,146,354 106,000 2,000,000 .. abrasive purposes 4,696 " 248,161 4,865 303,437 precious stones 106,523 123,046 Amorphous .. short tons. 6,560 69,455 4,000 47,000 Crystalline .. 12,861,839 1,454,799 pounds.. 7,434,000 696,000 and pulpstones 65,339 1,776,282 " 7 7.. short tons.. 2,057,015 11,470,854 2,416,000 16,000,000 3,206,016 short tons. Lime 231,605 Magnesite (crude) 2,292 Mica-Scrap.. 1,644,200 .pounds.. Sheet..... Millstones Mineral paints-Natural pigments. short tons.. 135,746 Zinc and lead pigments. 40,709,722 .gallons sold.. Mineral waters M cubic feet.. 721,000,959 Natural gas.. Natural-gas gasoline 282,535,550 ..gallons. .short tons.. 1,010 Oilstones, etc 107,261 Peat.. barrels (42 gallons).. 355,927,716 Petroleum 2,490,760 Phosphate rock .long tons.. 38,580 Potash (K2O) .short tons.. 30,637 66 Pumice 464,494 .long tons.. Pyrite 7,238,744 short tons.. Salt. 2,172,887 Sand-Glass.. 66 59,651,539 Molding, building, etc., and gravel. 66 98,399 Sand-lime brick thousands.. 71,740 Silica (quartz) short tons.. Slate ..... 68,563,360 short tons.. Stone.. 1,266,709 Sulphur .long tons.. Sulphuric acid (60° Baume) from copper and zinc smelters. short tons. 137,140 Tale and soapstone (exclusive of fibrous talc) 71,167 Talc, fibrous. 66 Thorium minerals (monazite) .pounds.. Total value of nonmetallic products (approximate) SUMMARY Total value of metallic products. Total value of nonmetallic products (exclusive of mineral fuels) Total value of mineral fuels. Total estimated value of "unspecified" (metallic and non-metallic) products11. Grand total approximate value of all mineral products.... 10 Canvass 1 Many of the figures for 1919 are estimated. cluded under last 2 Excluded from metallic totals, as the value of the antimony contained in 11 Figures for antimonial lead is included in the antimonial lead value, and the remainder not yet available. under last item ("unspecified"). quantity, and $ 3 Figures for 1919 not yet available. Estimate of value included in total with 1918. value of metallic products. 12 Includes 4 Not included in total value. monial lead, optical 5 In addition to the arsenious oxide (white arsenic), metallic arsenic was bismuth, cadmium produced in 1918 and 1919. centrates, diatomaceous • Value included under last item ("unspecified"). Survey not at liberty ilmenite, iron ore to publish figures. molybdenum, Figures for 1919 not yet available. Estimate of value included in total sandstone ( finely value of non-metallic products. bonate, and sulphate 8 Figures not yet available. estimate of the • Exclusive of considerable production for special uses, value for which are not collected is included under last item ("unspecified"). 26,808,909 2,976,000 27,023,000 1,812,601 164,696 1,652,094 7..... 33,130 731,810 92,514 26,464,590 155,648 25,810,671 4,533,001 43,718,153 4,384,657 153,553,560 638,600,000 159,650,000 50,363,535 63,500,000 7...... 189,033 .. .... 1,047,243 860,841 76,301 703,943,961 377,719,000 775,000,000 8,214,463 1,941,700 10,335,900 15,839,618 11 29,989 11 7,246,448 91,178 9........ 2,644,515 380,000 2,500,000 26,940,361 7,064,500 27,296,000 4,209,728 1,690,000 3,090,000 33,717,351 58,506,000 34,729,000 883,929 145,000 1,724,000 2,159,330 7. 4,038,770 5,065,000 71,380,000 82,700,430 115,000,000 27,868,000 670,000 16,750,000 .... 243 1,778,919 200,000 2,460,000 902,100 3,379,080,000 3,275,000,000 2,152,819,000 1,373,400,000 MINERAL PRODUCTION 642,929,000 3,275,000,000 2,736,151,000 6,700,000 5,300,000 5,538,699,000 4,653,700,000 discontinued after 1915. Value of iron ore sold for paint, initem ( " unspecified "). 1919 represent production; figures of sales ( as for 1918) Production decreased 24,814 short tons, or 45 per cent. in 14,271,220, or 66 per cent. in value in 1919, as compared products as follows: Antimony other than content of antifluorspar, metallic arsenic ( also white arsenic in 1919), sulphide, chats, chert, columbite ( TA2O5), cobalt conearth for special uses, flint lining for tube mills, sold for paint, lithium minerals, magnesium, marls, monazite sand, pebbles for grinding, selenium, silica sand and ground), slate granules, sodium salts ( carbonate, bicar- ) from natural sources, strontium ore, tellurium, and an value of miscellaneous mineral products, statistics for which annually by the Survey. and in which fane there was a colossal statue of her, by Phidias, overlaid with ivory.
Minerva Known to the Greeks as Athena (or Pallas Athene)
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
1000 Classical Characters (1900)
Known to the Greeks as Athena (or Pallas Athene) . The goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, sprang, full-grown and armed, from the head of Jupiter , and was immediately admitted to the assembly of the gods, and became one of the most faithful counselors of her father. Her power in heaven was great: she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, and bestow the gift of prophecy. She was known among the ancients by many names. She was called Athena, Pallas, Parthenos, Tritonia (because she was worshipped near the lake Tritonis) and Hippia (because she first taught mankind how to manage the horse), Sais (because she was worshipped at Sais), and some other names. She is usually represented with a helmet on her head, a spear in one hand, and a shield, ornamented with the head of Medusa , in the other. Temples were erected for her worship in different places, one of the most renowned of which was the "Parthenon" at Athens . From this building a large collection of ancient sculpture was brought to the British Museum by Lord Elgin more than seventy years ago, which is known as the Elgin Marbles. Lord Byron wrote a scathing satire in reference to the removal of these marbles, familiar to his readers under the title of The Curse of
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
in Roman mythology, the goddess of wisdom. The first syllable of the name is the same root as that which appears in the English word, mind. She was the daughter of Jupiter, the counterpart of the Greek Athene, the daughter of Zeus. Though wisdom is of slow growth, Minerva sprang from his brain full grown and clad in armor. In case of attack she was a warlike goddess, but she had no desire for foreign conquest,--no sympathy with Mars, the god of war, violence, and bloodshed. She presided over agriculture and commerce and household arts--spinning, weaving, and embroidery. She gave mortals the olive and taught them how to cultivate it. In art, Minerva, like Athene, is represented in full drapery with helmet, shield and spear. She ranked with Jupiter and Juno, and, with them, the center of her worship was the great temple on the Capitoline Hill. The wise-looking owl is called the bird of Minerva. See Spider ; Athene
Minerva Father Nile. He describes the goddess as Father Nile
1000 Classical Characters (1900)
Father Nile. He describes the goddess as Father Nile. appearing, grief-stricken, to appeal against what his lordship deemed a desecration: "Yes, 'twas Minerva's self; but ah, how changed Since o'er the Dardan field in arms she ranged! Not such as erst, by her divine command, Her form appear'd from Phidias' plastic hand; Gone were the terrors of her awful brow, Her idle aegis bore no Gorgon now."
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The mythology here is essentially as it was: Minerva born from Jupiter's head, the owl and the olive sacred to her, the epithets Pallas and Tritonia still in the handbooks. What has shifted is the easy equation Collier's made in 1921, when it listed Athena as simply another name for Minerva and gave her "her great temple" the Parthenon at Athens. Modern scholarship treats the Roman Minerva as a figure with her own history uscan Menrva, worshipped on the Capitoline alongside Jupiter and Juno and on the Aventine as patron of craft guilds — who was only later assimilated to the Greek Athena of the Parthenon. The name itself has gone on working as an emblem of learning, on university seals, coins and the badges of libraries.
Written for this edition, 2026.