The Meta-Encyclopedia

Mississippi

2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Mississippi. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the South Central Division of the United States, bounded by Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Gulf of Mexico; admitted to the Union, Dec. 10, 1817; area, 46,340 square miles; pop. (1900) 1,551,270; (1910) 1,797,114; (1920) 1,790,618; capital, Jackson. Topography.- The State is divided into two portions by a low broad watershed between, the rivers flowing toward the Atlantic, and the streams emptying into the Mississippi. A lateral branch of this ridge terminates in the bluff of Vicksburg. E. of this ridge, the surface of the State consists of broad rolling prairies, while to the W. the land is broken into valleys and ridges. The State is very low, the highest altitude being but 800 feet. Mississippi is well watered. Flowing W. from the central watershed are the Homochitto, Big Black, Yazoo, Sunflower, and Tallahatchie rivers, all emptying into the Mississippi, which forms the entire W. boundary line. On the E. of the ridge are Pearl river, the Pascagoula, and Tombigbee, all emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. A chain of islands extends along the coast, separated from it by Mississippi sound. the largest being the Cat Islands, Petit Bois, Horse, and Ship Islands. There is but one good harbor on the Gulf coast, Ship Harbor, the mouths of all the rivers being swampy. The principal ports on the Mississippi river are Vicksburg and Natchez. Mississippi is often called the Bayou State. Geology. The geological formations of Mississippi are principally of the Carboniferous, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and post-Tertiary periods. In the N. the Carboniferous is represented by the limestones and sandstones along the Tennessee river. S. of this are four groups of Cretaceous limestone, bounded on the W. by silicious deposits of Tertiary formations. This region abounds in brown coal, pipe and fire clay, and mineral fertilizers. The alluvial or Quaternary period is represented in the bottom lands of the Mississippi river. An orange sand of post-Tertiary formation is found over the entire S. portion of the State. Fossil remains of a gigantic marine animal resembling the alligator are found in the prairie regions. Mineral Production. - The only mineral products of the State are clay, sand and gravel and mineral water. The total value of this is about $1,000,000. Soil. In the N. section and the uplands of the central portion the soil is very fertile, but the land in the Mississippi bottoms, though of exceeding fertility in places, contains much clayey and wet ground. The prairie lands are, as a rule, quite fertile. The most fertile land in the State is in the Yazoo delta, in the extreme W. part of the State, N. of Vicksburg. Mississippi has still a vast area covered by virgin forests. The principal trees are the oak, willow, chestnut, wateroak, walnut, butternut, dogwood, black gum, sweet gum, beech, cottonwood, sycamore, magnolia, locust, mulberry, hickory, pine, cypress, and live oak. Agriculture. The prairie region in the N. W. of the State has always been noted E90° F A 91° B 92° D C T Branch L. Cormorant Glover Horn Lak Lake Barton Lake View Pleasante nи Byhalia Penton S Nesbitt Eudora, Victoriao Robinsonville Clacks o Mooretown Hernando Mississippi 50 60 Love Sta. 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Sumrall wha Gulfo Avera Petal Richton Clyde of Grafton -Eulao Hattiesburg Adamsville Hintonville 8 Richburg Palmer Augusta Janet Jonathan Cr. ea LAMAR FOREST NOW Agusta GREENE Rounsaville MoLaurino Purviso Eppso Beaumont Leakesville Baxterville Rosine o Mohoba PERRY Molain Agness Cottage Brooklyn Escataw Ball Edich Lumberton Elder Leafo 31 Janice Barbara Merril Eubank Carner Maxie Black Bilbo Hillsdale Griffin GEORGE Benndale Lucella les Evanston Orvisburg Pascagoula Bondo Wiggins Shipman Patonia PEARL Poplaryille Mentocum R Howelly Inda RIVER Perkinston Red Rable 9 Glade Cr. A STON Evestryo McHenry o Beatrice Kirk Harleston Daisy Mobile Howison Roosevelt o JACKSONH McNeill Saucier o irer Ramsay Bonnie Wade Annex 0 Hariet Wortham Florala Larue Mobile Bay Three Rivers o Richardson HARRISON Bigpoint Picayune Vidalia, Lyman Fontainebleau MOSSDoin Vancleave Wool HEYDOUrange rove/ Lorraine Marke Nicholson o Catahoula Ocean Spre R Handsboro HANCOCK • Biloxi o Fenton Gulfport:s8 Bay St Louis St. Louis B Bordeaux Waveland Mississippi S81P p i De Lisle ong Beach Gautier Christian Gainesville 8. Pascagoula City Sound Grants Pass Pass 10 Ansley DAUPHINE 1. Lakeshore HORN 1. Vile Pt.C ZOAT 1. SHIP 1. PETIT BOIS 1. ADAT GULF OF Greenwich G 89° J 88° H K as having the best farming land in the South. The most important agricultural product is cotton, although corn is produced in large quantities. The production and value of the principal crops in 1919 were as follows: Corn, 59,700,- 000 bushels, valued at $95,520,000; oats, 5,282,000 bushels, valued at $5,546,000; hay, 648,000 tons, valued at $13,284,000; potatoes, 1,530,000 bushels, valued at $2,830,000; sweet potatoes, 10,290,000 bushels, valued at $11,525,000; cotton, 946,000 bales, valued at $177,375,000. Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 33 National banks in operation, with $3,750,000 in capital, $2,227,443 in outstanding circulation, and $2,740,250 in United States bonds. There were also 293 State banks, with $10,262,000 capital, and $5,093,000 surplus. Manufactures. - The State is not among the most important industrially. There were in 1914, 2,209 manufacturing establishments giving employment to 42,- 702 wage earners. The capital invested was $81,006,000; the amount paid wage earners was $19,177,000; the value of the materials used was $41,340,000; and the value of the completed product was $79,550,000. Education. There are about 800,000 school children in the State. There is Separate Sep no compulsory school law. schools are maintained for white and colored children, and in recent years the legislature was somewhat backward in passing laws tending to improve educational conditions, but beginning with 1910 several important measures have been passed. These included provisions for consolidation of schools, the establishment of agricultural high schools, and the creation of a text book commission and of a supervisor of elementary rural schools. There is a normal school at Hattiesburg, and a normal school for colored students at Shelby. The institutions for higher education include the University of Mississippi, Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, Mississippi College, and Millsaps College. There are also several colleges for women. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Regular Baptist, colored; Regular Baptist, Methodist Episcopal, South African Methodist; Methodist Episcopal; Roman Catholic; Presbyterian, South; Cumberland Presbyterian; Disciples of Christ, and Protestant Episcopal. Charities and Corrections. - The charitable and correctional institutions include the State Charitable Hospital at Jackson, State Charitable Hospital at Vicksburg, State Charitable Hospital at Natchez, State Insane Asylum at Asylum, and State Charitable Asylum at Meridian. Railroads. The railway mileage in the State was 4,480. The principal railroads are the Illinois Central, 679 miles, the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley, 1,144, and the Mobile and Ohio, 315. State Government. - The governor is elected for a term of four years. Legislative sessions are held quadrennially, beginning on Tuesday after the first Monday of January, and are unlimited as to length of session. The legislature is Democratic. There are 7 representatives in Congress. The State government in 1920 was Democratic. History. Mississippi was originally part of the colony of Louisiana, being settled by the French in 1716. In 1728 the settlers were nearly exterminated by the Indians, and in 1763 the territory was ceded to Great Britain. At the end of the Revolution it became a territory of the United States, and was admitted to the Union as a Federal State Dec. 10, 1817. In 1861 it passed an ordinance of secession, took a prominent part in the Civil War, and finally, in February, 1870, was readmitted to representation in Congress, after ratifying the 15th amendment. Amendments to the State constitution were made in 1875 and 1877. Since the war the State has made much progress, and has entered a state of continued prosperity. MISSISSIPPI AGRICULTURAL AND

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

one of the Gulf States of the American Union. The name of the state is derived from that of the river. The Mississippi River forms the western boundary of the state from the thirty-fifth to thirty-first parallels of north latitude. The boundary line follows the thirty-first parallel from the Mississippi to the Pearl River; thence it follows that stream to the Gulf. The eastern boundary runs in a direct line from the mouth of Bear Creek in the Tennessee River, a little west of south to what was formerly the northwestern corner of Washington County on the Tombigbee; thence direct south to the Gulf. The distance from the Gulf to Tennessee is 333 miles. The greatest distance from Alabama to the Mississippi is 188 miles. Owing to the jog cut out by eastern Louisiana, the state has a Gulf line of but eighty-eight miles. The area is 46,340 square miles. HISTORICAL. The state was visited by De Soto in 1539. The Mississippi River was explored by Marquette and La Salle in 1673 and 1682 respectively. The French under Iberville attempted a settlement at Biloxi. Natchez was settled in 1716. France ceded the region to Great Britain in 1763. Part was acquired by the United States at the close of the Revolution in 1783. The remainder was acquired with Florida in 1811. Mississippi Territory was organized in 1798. The state was admitted in 1817. It seceded January 9, 1861. The "Mississippi Tigers" gave a good account of themselves in the Civil War. The state was readmitted in February, 1870. MINERALS. Mississippi consists almost entirely of lands made by the wash from an early continent. The rocks are of recent geological origin. The highest altitude in the state does not exceed 1,000 feet. Clays, mineral waters, marl, phosphate, lime, gypsum, and a little coal constitute the sole mineral wealth of the state. WATERSHED. The annual rainfall is from forty-eight to fifty-eight inches. The rivers of the east find their way directly to the Gulf. Those of the western portion drain into the Mississippi. The principal interior streams are the Big Black, the Yazoo, the Tombigbee, and the Pearl. The northwestern corner of the state touches the Tennessee for a few miles. CHARACTERISTICS. The eastern portion of the state is a prairie. The west was covered originally with a dense forest. The most important tree is the yellow pine. There are also forests of oak, gum, poplar, ash, black walnut, maple, and hickory. There are over a dozen varieties of oak. There are in all, about a hundred different kinds of forest trees, including the persimmon, magnolia, holly, and sweet gum, not seen in the Northern States. The sawmills of the state are at present busily engaged in converting the oak and pine into lumber. Considerable turpentine and resin are obtained. The forests still shelter the deer, catamount, wolf, and wildcat. An occasional black bear is seen. There are still a few alligators, although they have been all but exterminated for the sake of their hides. Brilliant hued paroquets are hunted for their plumage. Wild turkeys, quails, and partridges are the present game birds. Waterfowl winter in the state and go north in the spring to nest. Dense canebrakes and cypress swamps are found in the lowlands. The Mississippi bottom contains a great number of crescent-shaped lakes or cut-offs, occupying former bends of the river. AGRICULTURE. Agriculture is the principal industry of the state. The Mississippi bottom is of extraordinary fertility. Sugar is produced on the lowlands. Cotton is the great staple of the uplands. Indian corn grows everywhere. Named in order of financial importance, the products of the state rank as follows: cotton, corn, cottonseed, vegetables, sweet potatoes, hay and forage, peas, potatoes, and oats. Wheat is a minor crop, only a few thousand bushels being produced annually. Other crops of some importance are rice, tobacco, peanuts, and onions. The annual value of agricultural products is about $130,000,000, over half of which is credited to cotton. The state is noted for its fruit. Peaches, apples, plums, pears, cherries, and apricots rank in the order named. INDUSTRIES. Cotton ginning and cutting lumber constitute three-fourths of the entire manufacturing industry. The first cottonseed oil mill in the United States was erected at Natchez in 1834. The population in 1900 was 1,551,270, including 2,300 Indians. Fifty per cent of the population is colored. Jackson is the capital. Vicks-burg is the largest city. A double system of education is maintained, one set of schools for white children, the other for colored. Secondary education is controlled largely by private schools and denominational colleges. The state maintains an agricultural and industrial college at Stark-ville and a normal school for colored teachers at Holly Springs. The state university was located at Oxford in 1844. The Baptist church is the leading denomination. The Methodists, Catholics, Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, and Episcopalians rank in the order named. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 43,340 Population (1906) 1,706,272 Meridian 20,503 Vicksburg 15,710 Natchez 13,476 Number counties 76 Salary of governor $4,500 U. S. representatives 8 Presidential electors 10 Assessed valuation of property $223,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $2,887,000 Acres improved 7,500,000 Agricultural Products-- Corn, bushels (1908) 46,000,000 Rice, bushels 34,000 Wheat, bushels 37,000 Oats, bushels 862,000 Grass seed, bushels 554,000 Potatoes, bushels 400,000 Sweet potatoes, bushels 3,000,000 Tobacco, pounds 25,000 Butter, pounds 19,000,000 Eggs, dozens 19,000,000 Honey, pounds 1,000,000 Wool, pounds 600,000 Cotton, pounds 725,000,000 Value of cotton crop (1908) $80,000,000 Value of cotton seed $10,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 260,000 Mules 214,000 Milk cows 330,000 Other cattle 589,000 Sheep 181,000 Swine 1,316,000 Goats 55,000 Manufacturing establishments 1,520 Capital invested $50,000,000 Operatives 39,000 Raw material $26,000,000 Output of manufactures $57,000,000 Output of cotton goods $2,500,000 Lumber products $24,000,000 Clay products $800,000 Miles of railway 3,975 Teachers in public schools 9,499 Pupils enrolled 482,000 Percentage of male teachers 33.5 Average monthly salary of men teachers $33.54 Average monthly salary of women teachers $29.46 Average annual expenditure per pupil $9.27 Mississippi Bubble. See Law ; John