Modernism

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a doctrine or system of beliefs held by many Catholics in the period 1888-1910 which were opposed to the traditional belief of the Roman Catholic Church. In common with many Protestants some Catholics believed that the doctrines of the Church should be interpreted in the light of modern scienlight of the tific f facts, especially in the light results established by historical by science as to the composition of the Bible and the evolution of dogma. Those holding such advanced views were called Modernists, after their desire to "modernize" the beliefs of the Church. The most conspicuous leader of the group was Father George Tyrrell. Modernism met the most determined opposition in the head of the Church. In 1907 the Pope condemned as heretical, false, and offensive nearly all the propositions advanced by the Modernists. In September, 1907, Pope Pius X. issued his encyclical against the doctrine. As is customary, the letter is known historically by the first words; these were in this case "Pascendi Dominici Gregis." The decree calls Modernism the synthesis of all heresies, and ascribes its spread to folly, ignorance, and curiosity. The Pope declares the doctrine is false in its interpretation of the sacraments and at variance with the scholastic philosophy. The head of the Church urges zeal upon the bishops and especially all the heads of educational institutions under the Church to punish all convicted of holding Modernist doctrines. In 1910 Pius X. went still further and by decree ordered all the priests of all orders in the Church, all professors, and all candidates for holy orders to take a solemn oath repudiating Modernist views and declaring their adherence to the authoritative doctrines of the Church. They are, in addition, to state their unbelief in any doctrine at any time condemned by the Church of Rome. These vigorous edicts, followed up as they were by the action of the authorities, effectually stamped out Modernism.