The Meta-Encyclopedia

New Jersey

2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for New Jersey. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the North Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay; one of the original 13 States; counties, 21; capital, Trenton; area, 8,224 square miles; miles; pop. (1890) 1,444,933; (1900) 1,883,669; 1,883 (1910) 2,537,167; (1920) 3,155,900. Topography. New Jersey is divided into two distinct geographical divisions, the N. portion being undulating and hilly, and the S. a low sandy plain. The N. half of the State is crossed by three parallel mountain ranges running in a S. W. direction. The Blue Ridge or Kittatinny, and the Highland ranges, are part of the Appalachian chain and the third or Orange Mountains belong to a series of low ridges traced from Massachusetts across Connecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The Blue Ridge crosses the Delaware river at the Delaware Water Gap, where its altitude is 1,486 to 1,625 feet. The greatest altitude in the the State is High Point, near the New York State line, 1,804 feet. Between the Blue Ridge and Highland ranges is the Kittatinny valley, 10 to 13 miles in width, and noted for its agricultural advantages. The Highland Range is in reality a deeply dissected plateau or tableland, its semi-detached portions being known as mountains, among which the highest are Hamburg Mountain, 1,488 feet, Wawayanda Mountain, 1,450 feet, Schooley's, Musconetcong, and Green Pond Mountains. The Orange Mountains are three parallel ridges of trap rock known as the First and Second Mountains, and Long Hill, separated by narrow valleys, underlaid by sandstone. A ridge of trap extends along the New Jersey shore of the Hudson river, known as the Palisades, and is world renowned for its scenic beauty. The Navesink Highlands, a group of sandy hills S. of Sandy Hook, and other detached hills to the S. W. rise to a height of nearly 400 feet. The entire S. portion of the State is an undulating plain gradually decreasing in altitude toward the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware river. The W. portion of the State is bounded and drained by the Delaware river. The Hudson flows along the E. boundary for 30 miles but receives no drainage. The principal rivers of the State are the Passaic which, fed by the Pompton and Rockaway, empties into Newark Bay; and the Raritan, flowing into Raritan Bay. There are numerous small rivers, and creeks flowing into the Atlantic or into small bays. Among these may be mentioned the Navesink, Shrewsbury, Tom's, Manasquan, Great and Little Egg Harbor rivers. The Atlantic coast has numerous tidal bays, and the N. part of the State abounds in mountains, lakes and ponds. Among the latter are Greenwood Lake, Budd's Lake, Lake Hopatcong, and Green Pond. Geology. Bands of geological formation cross the State in a N. E. and S. W. direction. With the exception of the coal measures, all the geologic ages are represented. The Azoic, represented by granite, crystalline limestone, and gneiss, is interlaced with the Palæozoic sandstone, slates, shales, and magnesium limestone in the N. W. The Triassic sandstone, broken by trap and basalt ridges, occupies a belt N. W. of a line from Jersey City to Trenton. This red sandstone deposit is said to have a thickness of 14,000 feet. The Cretaceous belt is just E. of the sandstone, and includes sands, marls, clays, and mixtures of the same. The S. part of the State is of drift deposits of loam, clay, sand and gravel. Mineralogy. For its size New Jersey is one of the richest mineral producing States in the Union. The Azoic and River Quarryvi Big Buali Bevans Brook Beemerville Sussex Normanock) Wallpack Papakatingo Beaverrun ykertown Branch ville Augusta ville La Fayette FlatbrooKY ville Monroe Kill ntermute Halsey Warousse Newark Will b Places of 100,000 and over B Houses Delaware Middleville o Edison Orange ، 20,000 to 100,000 Hardwi Newton 0 Stillwater " Sparta Pau 5,000 to 20,000 Red Bank 66 66 Andover 41 Marksboro airstowe B Railroads County Towns Huntsville Stroudsburg Vail Johnsonburg Hopatcong Tranquility Stanhope Mt. Arlington L. Knowlton Allamuchy o Netcongandi Columbia E Portland Waterlo Hope MORRIS Delaware Budd Lake Ledge - os Vienna eadowB Buttzville Pequest Great Mea wood Hackettstown R MQ Mauchchunk dreville kestown Flandersonia Rockport Schooleys Bartley Belvidere Stephensburg Mtn. Naughright Oxford Danielsville Port German Chester Buntgrove Valley Raam Stockertown tonov Murry Rocksburg Washington Washington Coun Colden Middle Valley Parker Mendha Brain Slatington o Harmony 2 Broadway Changewater/ Gladstone ✓ Califon 6 Fairmount Peapato Nazareth Village Ne eapacker Pottersville Asbury Hampton Basking Lehigh Phillipsburgo Stewartsville portal Glen Gardner Mountain Bedminster Far Hills Easton Shumer ville Cokesbury New ville o Lamington etcong Germantowno Alph Pluckemin High Spring Blooms-Norton Bridge A Annandale bury Pattenburg Jutland Whitehous Clinton Lebanon Whitehouse Carpentersville Warren Paper Sidney Hamden Sta. North Branch Martinsville Mills R Allentown R Riegelsville Holland NTD ru Pittstown Sunnyside North Branch Somerville Holland Milford skertowittst Depottan Readington Depot an Everittstown Cherryville Rowland Mills Raritan on Branch Baptistown Barleysheaf South Frenchtow Kutztown o Croton Three Bridgesvo eshanic Sta. DELAWARE Flemington 40 • Neshanic Barbertown Cloverhill 30 Copperhill Montgomery Sergeantsville, Harlingen Bellemend King wood Ringoes Wertsville Zion Rosemont Stockton Rocktown Stoutsburg Skilliman Rocky Ravenrock Mountairy Linvale Hopewell DIVISION Millston Bartos Kingsto New Hope Mt. Rose Princeton Pennington Lawrenceville Reading Princeton Doylestown CANAL Titusville Port Mercer Trenton Ic. Edinburg Neshaminy Schuylkill Wilburtha Limerick Lansdaleo 3 Newtown RENTONA ENNSYLVANIA P Yardville St. Peters O Crosswicked Collegeville Willowgrove Bordentown Cr. Kinkora Fieldsboro iverson Norristown Floren Chesterfield Dobbins Edge Hill R Columbus Burlington Valley Forge Uwchland Edgewater Par Riverside RancocaD Dalanco Jacksonville σ Jobstown Rancocas Juliustown Bridgeboro Mount Holly Frazer Palmyra Riverton Cr. Pemberton 10 Delair Cimmuminson Hainesport Downingtown Smithville Philade Camden Stanwick (Hartford Lumberton Birmingham Moorestown Lu tville Mt. Laurel Merchantville West Chester Vincentown. Collingswood Collingswood Media Gloucester City Westmont Marlton Medford Haddonfieldo Oaklyn lyn Mt. Ephrain Magnolino Ashland BURLINGTON Haddon Heights National Park Thorofare Gibbsboro Kirkwood Paulsboro Gibbstowno Woodbury Chewee Lindenwold Avondale o • W. Berlin Mullica Laurel Sprs. Bridgeport Indian Mills antua Clarksboro Blackwood Clementon Wenonah Grenloch Raccoon Louder Sewell Swede mans Harrisonville PedricktowD Atco Batsto Chesilhurst 4 Pitman Wilmington RIVER Atsion Mullica Hin Glassboro ickler ville Waterford Penn Grove Ewan Cedar Brook Works Cr. Auburn Clay R Blue Anchor White Williamstown Cr. Newcastle Clayton S Sharptown Rosedale 円 Nesco Batsto Franklinville F ennsville Woodstown Winslow Cr. Hammontono Mensant Monroeville Mullica Folsom Yorktown Da Costa Riddleton Daretown Porters Do Cr. P Elkton M ALEM Elmer Elwood Great Σ S Malaga Newtonville Salem Alloway Newfield LAWARE Delaware Palatin Vineland Egg Alloway City Quinton Centerton Weymouth Landisville Alliance Cohansey Egg Maurice Deerfield Street Chesapeake Minotola Hancocks Bridge 39 3030 Richland ATLANTIC م Norma Harmersville Bay Seeley Vineland A Canton Shiloh Woodruff Rosenhay DEL Mays Landing Milmay RYAND OS. Vineland Harbor Carmelo Me Kee Dorothy Roadstown Bridgeton Othello Millville Estelvilla ich Cohansey Cr Townsend Greenw1000 BERLAND Bargaintown W Caviar Risley Fairton English Creek Ormond Cedarville Somers Point Lo Port Elizabeth kahoo Newport Haley vile Mauriceto Massey Tuckahoe • Clayton Beesleys Point Dividing Creek o Drugston Leesburg Dorchester Belleplain A Part Norriso Woodbine Palermo o 5 Bivalve Fortescue Heislerville Senville Eldora Delmont Dennisville Ocean View St. Jones B.Seav Clermont لد Do Goshen Swainton ELAWARE D Dias Creek Avalon Cape Man C.H Pierces BAY E Green Creek Burleigh Stonehar bor Fishing Creek Rio Grand ade Anglesea Wildwood C 75°30′ Longitude B West A Holly Spring Beach po May Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 Cape May Point Cape May E R. Croton Greenwood Lake Glenwoo Vernon Greenwood W.Haverstraw McAfee Valley Lakeside L. New City Hamburg Moe Coor O R. Kampe R PE Hewitt West Milford Ringwood Franklin Furnace Manor Ramapo Ollahwan Stockholm Upper per Hudson Saddle River Ogdensburg Macopin rk Ridge Midvale Ramsey Echo Lake Oak Ridge o Wanaque Newfoundland White Plains Haskell Allendale Hillsdale Charlotteburg Bloomingdale Pompton. Wyckoff २ LONG ISLAND SOUND Oakland 41 two Smiths Mills Milton Po Wortendyke Butler Midland BERGE Woodport Marcella Riverdale ✔ Pompton Plains A Closter Ridgewood Demarest Hopatcong Hibernia Pequannock N.Paterson Oradell Hawthorne Cresskill Towaca Paterson River Edged Mount Hope Rockaway Boonton O Bergenfield Tenafly CANAL Dover Ro Monivite Wayne Dindes Lake Halensack Englewood ON Hackensack Denville Rochelle Park Singu fion Lodi Wharto Tabor Leonja Pinebroer Little Falls Athenmo Hasbrouck Hats Ft. Lee Succasunna Parsippany Passaic R Caldwell Uppero Palisades Park Carlstadt Morris Plains Whippale Essex Fells, Montclair Nutley Rutherford Edgewater Hanover Livingston Montelain Contclaim Durham Guttenberg LONG ISLAND Whitestone Morristowa Florham rlington Hoboke Flushing Parko Bloomfield Belleville Weehawken Passa Convent Sta. Madison ESSEX Arlingtons 2 Harrison boken New Chatham S. Orange re Orange Mineola Long Island City Irvington o Green Village Stanley Maplewood rseve New York Bernardsville • Millington Scotch Plains orthea Sümmit Stirling Millbu Jamaica Ridge New Providen City Brooklyn Kenilworth Bayon Cranford Elizabeth Upper Valley Stream Flatbush o Ciberty - Corner Westfield a Koselle Bay Watchung Fanwood Garwo Jamaica den N Plainfield N.Plainfield Rubway STATEN Bathbeach Warrenville ellen Ash Brook Coloni Carteret ROCKAWAY BEACH Dunellen vene chrome Richmond Ave New Market S.Plainhela Iselin Coney Island Boundbrook Menlopark Port Reading Woodbridge Metuchon 6. Boundbrook Lower Maurer Weston ritan 80 Forde Perth New York Bay Stelton Kaasbey 30 Sandy Hook Amboy S Amb Raritan Middle bush Sandy Hook B. N Sayrevil vick New Brunswić. Fort Hancock Doy Millfow Parlin lin Keyport Keansburg own Franklin South River' Atlantic Highlands Clifiwood Belford Griggstown Park Old Bridges Matawah New Monmouth Highlands Spotswood Hill Deans Middletown Naveging Morganville Middletown Navesink R. Helmetta Monmouth Jc. Oceanico Helmetta Dayton A ickatunko Everett Fair Haven Sea Bright Wic Jamesburg Holmdel Red Bank Little Silver Plainsboro Prospect Plains Marlboro Long Branch Tintonfalls Cranbury Cranbury Ste. Englishtown Freehold Colts tome H tonto Neck Rate Oakhurst Long Branch HightstowuroApplegarth 3 Elberon E Manalapan Howell Hamilton Deal Bench Baird o Hudsor Allenhurst Adelphia Asbury Park Perrineville Smithburg Ocean Grove Ardena Avon by the Sen Bradley Beach New Sharon Farming Monusquan Brielles Manasquan Clarksburg Allentown ntown Lake Come Belmar C Imlaystown Nelsonville Spring Lake Beach Allenwood Hyson Creamridge Jacksons Mills • Prospertown Vanhiseville kewood 0882 cks Whitesvill W Manasquan Inlet 0 Metedeconk Hurrsville Bayhead Hornerstown Cassville W. Pointpleasant Point Pleasant Jacobstown Cookston New Egypt Toms Colliers Mill~ Adanston Mantoloking Wrightstown 40. Lakehurst Silverton Lewistown Chadwick BA Pointville Island Lavalleste Height Brown Mills Ortley Toms River Whiting Bamber Cedar Bayville Seaside Park Pasadena BEACH Cr. Woodmansie Lanoka C Lacy Forked, River ISLAND Chatsworth Waretown Brookville Harris ANTI 4 Barnegat City Barnegat BEACH Beach View Oswego Manahawkin Jenkins Wading Harvey Cedars Cedar Runo Mayetta Surf Staffordville LONG West Creek Mila Wading Parkertown River Greenbank Peahala Tuckerton Little Spray Beach Gretin Egg Har Beachhaven Harbor City Greate Cologne Port Republic 30 Bay Leeds Point New Inlet Pomerania Ocean villo City Absecon Brigantine Idlewood Pleasantville Smitha Lig Atlantic City Linwood, Northheld Spullville (2 South Atlantic City T Great Egg Harbor Ocean City 5 Corsons Inlet Sea Isle City Townsends Inlet E 74° 74°30′ Greenwich D from Palæozoic formations in the N. W. supply a large amount of magnetic iron, magnetic ore being practically the only kind now mined, though deposits of hematite and amanite are known. Copper ores are worked in Somerset county, and the Schuyler mine at Arlington was the first copper mine worked in the United States. The zinc mines in Sussex county are among the richest in the world. Lead, plumbago, manganese, and nickel are also found. Sand for glassmaking, shell marls for fertilizers, lime for mortar and for fertilizing, porcelain, potters' and kaolin clays are among the more useful geographical resources. In building and paving stones New Jersey stands well, the famous Jersey sandstone is largely used for building purposes, and the gneiss-granite, limestone, blue-stone, slate and trap are all of great commercial value. Shipments of iron ore in 1918 amounted to 375,238 long tons, valued at $1,945,651. In the production of clay products New Jersey ranks third among the States, being exceeded only by Ohio and Pennsylvania. There is also an important production of zinc. Clay products were valued at $22,529,232, 32, The total value of the mineral products of the State in that year amounted to $57,710,181. Agriculture. The soil is a sandy loam admirably adapted to agriculture, and in places where it has become worked out the abundant natural fertilizers soon reclaim it. The principal forest trees are the black, white, red, and pin oaks, hickory, beech, shagbark, maple, cedar, elm, black walnut, ash, tulip, white and pitch pine, hemlock, spruce, holly, witchhazel, ironwood, cottonwood, dogwood, birch, alder, tamarack, willow, sweet gum, and wild cherry. in the S. raise an abundance of cranberries, and the peach, apple, pear, and berry crops of New Jersey are of great value, while floriculture receives great care. The production and valuee of the prinsipal crops in 1919 were as follows: Corn, 10,800,000 bushels, valued at $16,- 524,000; wheat, 1,962,000 bushels, valued at $4,316,000; rye, 1,296,000 bushels, valued at $2,074,000; hay, 488,000 tons, valued at $14,201,000; potatoes, 10,560,- 000 bushels, valued at $17,846,000; sweet potatoes, 1,750,000 bushels, valued at $3,850,000; cranberries, 161,000 barrels, valued at $1,288,000. Manufactures. The manufactures of New Jersey are very extensive and varied. Newark is one of the principal general manufacturing centers of the country. Its production of jewelry, leather, and hats, is greater than in any other city in the Union. Jersey City has extensive abattoirs, stockyards, grain elevators, steel works, and sugar refineries. Paterson is noted for its silk mills and locomotive works; Trenton for its potteries; Bridgeton, Millville, Salem and Glassboro for their glass works; Bayonne for its oil refineries and boiler works; and Elizabeth for the shipyards, sewing machines, and machine shops. In 1914 there were 9,742 manufacturing establishments, employing 373,605 wage earners. The capital invested amounted to $1,352,382,000, and the wages paid to $211,136,000. The value of the material used was $883,465,000, and the value of the finished product, $1,406,633,000. The principal articles manufactured included hats, pottery, drugs, refined oils, chemicals, silk, machinery, boilers, bar steel and iron, aluminum goods, celluloid, household and agricultural utensils, paper, cotton and woolen goods, tobacco, sewing machines, glass, structural iron, clothing, brick and terra cotta, scientific apparatus, soap, leather goods, boots and shoes, saddlery, brass goods, jewelry, and hard and soft rubber goods. Banking. In 1919 there were reported 206 National banks in operation, having $22,957,000 in capital, $15,936,- 273 in outstanding circulation, and $14,- 652,270 in United States bonds. There were also 24 State banks with $2,238,000 capital, and $1,740,000 surplus; and 120 loan and trust companies, with $25,087,- 000 capital, and $18,689,000 surplus. Education. - In 1918 the total enrolment in the public schools was 568,825. There was an enrolment in the evening schools of 33,588. There were 15,329 women teachers and 21,014 men teachers. The average daily attendance in the day schools was 423,570. The average $948.29. The total expenditures for educational purposes were $33,723,115. For higher education there are St. Peter's College at Jersey City, St. Benedict's College at Newark, Princeton University at Princeton, Seton Hall College at South Orange, Rutgers College at New Brunswick, Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, Drew Theological Seminary at Madison, the German Theological School of Newark at Bloomfield, and Bordentown Female College at Bordentown. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic; the Methodist Episcopal; Presbyterian, North; Regular Baptist; Protestant Episcopal; Reformed; African Methodist; Lutheran, General Council; and Congregational. Railroads. The total railway mileage in the State in 1919 was 6,006. The roads having the longest mileage are the Pennsylvania and the Central Railroad of New Jersey. Finances. The total disbursements for the fiscal year 1919 amounted to $29,392,082, and the receipts to $32,587, 384. There was a balance on hand at the end of the year of $18,458,832. Charities and Corrections. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State include State Hospitals for the Insane at Trenton and Morris Plains, State Home for the Feeble-Minded at Vineland, State Reformatory for Criminals at Rahway, State Prison at Trenton, deaf and dumb asylum at Trenton, and many other homes for the sick and mentally afflicted. Correctional schools and juvenile courts have been established in the counties of the first class. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of three years and receives a salary of $10,000 per annum. Legislature meets annually on the second Tuesday in January and is not limited as to length of session. The legislature has 21 members in the Senate, and 60 in the House. There are 12 representatives in Congress. In 1920 the State legislature was Republican and the governor a Democrat. History. The first settlement in New Jersey was made by the Dutch at Bergen Point about 1615. Many Swedes and Danes afterward settled there, but the Dutch maintained possession till 1664, when it became English property and was given to the Duke of York. He divided his grant of New Jersey between Lord Berkeley and Sir George George Carteret, Carteret, who named it New Jersey after the island of Jersey where he had previously been governor. In 1682 East Jersey came under the jurisdiction of William Penn, and his partners in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In 1738 on the petition of the colony to have a separate administration, Lewis Morris was made governor of New Jersey, and until the beginning of the Revolutionary War the growth of the colony was peaceful. The province adopted a State constitution in 1776, and throughout the Revolutionary War it was frequently the scene of stirring events. On its soil were fought the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Red Bank, and Monmouth. The first legislature was convened at Princeton in August, 1776, and the Federal Constitution was adopted by a unanimous vote, Dec. 18, 1787. The State capital was definitely located at Trenton in 1790. The constitution of 1776, which was superseded by another on Aug. 13, 1844, was materially modified in 1873 and 1875. The original constitution granted suffrage without distinction to sex or color, and up to 1807 women exercised their right.

Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)

one of the original thirteen states of the American Union. The name is derived from the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel . The state occupies a peninsula of irregular shape between the Delaware River and Bay on the west and the lower Hudson and the Atlantic on the east. Its next door neighbors are New York , Pennsylvania, and Delaware. The state has but one artificial boundary,-a straight line forty-eight miles in length, from river to river on the northwest. The area, including inland waters , is 8,224 square miles. TOPOGRAPHY. The northwestern part of the state consists of low mountain ranges and parallel spurs running at right angles to the Delaware River. The greatest elevation in the state is High Point, 1,804 feet above sea level. It is a region of wooded ridges, long valleys, blue vistas, and lakes. The Kittatinny Mountains are succeeded to the southeastward by the highlands, and the highlands by a narrow piedmont or foothill region. The last and largest, and a characteristic division of the state, is a coast plain running from Sandy Hook to Delaware Bay. It is from ten to twenty miles wide. It includes the noted pine barrens, a district well known to botanists as the home of the pyxie or flowering moss and other plants seldom found elsewhere. MINERALS. The foundation of the state is granite, gneiss, and sandstone. Above these, geologically speaking, are slates, limestones, and marbles. Trenton limestone takes its name from an exposure at Trenton. Building stone, slate roofing, lime, and cement are obtained in the highland region. There are mines of lead, zinc, iron, copper, and graphite. Sand suitable for glass, potter's clay, brick clay, and marl are found. Nearer the ocean, the rock formations dip far beneath the surface. AGRICULTURE. The key to the industries of New Jersey must be sought in the natural resources, the unusual facility for transportation, and the situation between the two cities of New York and Philadelphia. Staple crops, as corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, and hay, all do well, but the total value does not exceed $15,000,000, not more than is produced by a single county in the food-producing region of the North Central States. A variety of soil, forty-five inches of rainfall, a mild climate, and nearness to the great markets have led to small farms and a high state of cultivation. Dairies, orchards, and truck farms are the rule. The New Jersey farmer on ten acres often handles more money in a year than a western farmer on a section of land. The milk of the state is valued at $10,000,000 a year. New Jersey is a great fruit state. Peaches are the leading orchard fruit. Other fruits named in order of their money value are apples, strawberries, pears, blackberries and raspberries, grapes, currants, cherries, gooseberries, quinces, and plums. As these fruits are but from five to fifty miles from market they may be had on the table of the consumer in a delightfully fresh condition. The raiser is in position to command the highest prices. Of wild fruits, the pine barrens and hills produce blue-berries, and certain swamps near the coast have been converted into famous cranberry marshes. Truck farming, especially on the coastal plain, has become an industry of magnitude. Melons, tomatoes, beets, turnips, radishes, potatoes, cucumbers, in short, garden vegetables of all sorts, are a source of profit. One wayside station is credited with shipping 100 tons of asparagus in a single month. The sweet potato crop alone is worth $1,250,000. In certain belts, small truck farms lie side by side clear across the state. Attractive barns, hothouses, residences, evergreen dooryards, and well kept, macadamized highways give the roadside the appearance of a populous street. A large amount of capital is invested in greenhouses and the business of supplying cut flowers. Roses alone are cut to the value of over $1,000,000 a year. TRANSPORTATION. The state is unusually well supplied with the means of transportation. Active little boats follow the windings of the rivers and the ocean inlets, calling every morning at a thousand local piers for milk, butter, fruit, flowers, and vegetables for the city market. A hundred suburban trains gather country produce at wayside stations. There is no more prosperous section in the Union than the favored portion of New Jersey. MANUFACTURES. From a money point of view, manufacturing is of still greater importance. The wholesalers of New York and Philadelphia draw on Camden for chemicals; Elizabeth for sewing machines; New Brunswick for hosiery; Vineland and other towns for glass; Newark for leather, jewelry, celluloid goods, and hats; Paterson for silks; Passaic for woolens; Jersey City for tobacco and soap; and Trenton for pottery. There are important manufactures of fire brick, terra cotta, and locomotives. Ships are built at Camden and Elizabeth. The output of manufactures in twelve large cities is valued at $400,000,000 a year. HISTORICAL. Aside from prehistoric man, whose stone implements and red bones are found at Trenton, and the historic Lenni-Lenape or Delaware Indians, whom the novelist Cooper commemorates in the Last of the Mohicans, the earliest settlers of New Jersey were Dutch and Swedes,-the former near New York; the latter along the Delaware. About 1655 the Swedes acknowledged Dutch control. In 1664 the entire region passed under English rule. The Indians gave little trouble. In 1758 they were placed on a reservation in the pines, the first in the United States. Later, they were removed to New York, and finally to Indian Territory. A heavy immigration of Huguenot and Scotch-Irish set in. As a result, the opening of the Revolutionary War a century later found the colony decidedly Presbyterian and disposed to maintain the patriotic cause. Governor William Franklin, a son of Benjamin Franklin, gave his father and the good people of New Jersey no little anxiety by his Tory sentiments. He fled to New York City, where he continued to give the British army the benefit of his advice and to organize raids upon the colonists. The "Pine Robbers," as these foraging raiders were known, became a scourge. No less than a hundred skirmishes and pitched battles were fought on Jersey soil. The most noted were those of Trenton, fought December 26, 1776, and Princeton, January 3, 1777, giving rise to the Revolutionary cry of "Great news from the Jerseys." Washington wintered twice with his army at Morristown. The battle of Monmouth was fought June 28, 1778. The state was the third to adopt the Federal Constitution. During the Civil War, New Jersey furnished 88,305 men to the Union army, and advanced $3,000,000 for equipments, transportation, and maintenance. EDUCATION. The initiative in education was taken by various religious bodies. A state system of common schools was set in operation in 1817. There are public high schools and numerous private and denominational academies. The leading institutions of higher learning are Princeton University, Presbyterian; Rutgers College, Episcopalian, at New Brunswick; Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken. CORPORATIONS. The laws of the state are unusually favorable to the incorporation of companies. The great trusts that center in New York and Philadelphia are incorporated under the laws of New Jersey and maintain "home offices" in the state. The fees derived from filing the articles of incorporation with the secretary of state form a large item. A revenue of over $3,000,000 a year is derived from taxing these corporations. POPULATION. In 1900 the population was 1,883,669; in 1905, 2,144,143. Owing to the enormous growth of manufacturing towns since the Civil War a half million people of foreign birth, German and Irish predominating, were found to have been added to the population. There were at this date 69,844 negroes. There are twelve cities having a population exceeding 20,000. Two-thirds of the people reside in towns having not less than 4,000 inhabitants. The usual term of elective state and county officials is three years. The highlands are full of quiet pleasure resorts. The state is noted for its watering places. Long Branch, Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Atlantic City, and Cape May are the most noted names, but nearly every available foot of shore from Sandy Hook southward has been occupied by towns or cottages. There are also many quiet resorts among the pines and on the mountain lakes. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 7,525 Population 2,196,237 Newark (1909) 308,669 Jersey City (1909) 253,711 Paterson (1909) 116,615 Trenton (1909) 92,878 Camden (1909) 89,305 Hoboken (1909) 70,351 Elizabeth (1909) 67,470 Bayonne (1909) 49,894 Passaic (1909) 45,685 Atlantic (1909) 45,397 Number counties 21 Members of state senate 21 Representatives 60 Salary of governor $10,000 U. S. representatives 10 Presidential electors 12 State revenue $4,400,000 Assessed valuation of property $1,841,000,000 Bonded indebtedness none Acres of improved land 2,000,000 Agricultural Products-- Corn, bushels 10,500,000 Wheat, bushels 1,860,000 Oats, bushels 1,840,000 Potatoes, bushels 5,250,000 Sweet potatoes, bushels 2,500,000 Fruit, value $4,000,000 Cut flowers, value $2,000,000 Market vegetables, value $9,000,000 Hay, tons 699,000 Butter, pounds 7,300,000 Eggs, dozen 12,000,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 102,000 Milk cows 190,000 Other cattle 82,000 Sheep 44,000 Swine 155,000 Fowls 2,000,000 Miles of railway 2,297 Output of manufactured goods $777,000,000 Capital invested $715,000,000 Operatives 266,000 Raw material $470,000,000 Output of textile goods $96,000,000 Silk products $42,000,000 Pounds canned goods 39,000,000 Tons of iron ore 550,000 Output of zinc (1907) $1,600,000 Output of pig iron $7,500,000 Clay products, brick, etc $16,000,000 Quarry products $1,250,000 Bank deposits $356,000,000 Teachers in public schools 10,734 Pupils enrolled 424,534 Percentage of male teachers 11.05 Average monthly salary of teachers $65.82 Average annual expenditure per pupil $37.36 SEE HOBOKEN; JERSEY CITY; NEWARK; PRINCETON; FRUIT. 2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: BR 2026-07-22)