New York

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a State in the North Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by Ontario, Vermont. Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Long Island Sound, and the Atlantic ; one of Ocean the original 13 States; number of counties, 62; capital, Albany; area, 47,620 5,997,853; (1900) 7,268,012; (1910) square miles; pop. (1890) 9,113,279; (1920) 10,385,227. Topography. - The Adirondack tem lies in the N. E. corner, W. of Lake sys- Champlain, and contains the only great forest remaining as a public domain within the boundaries of the State. Its highest peaks are Mount Marcy, 5,379 feet; Mount MacIntyre, 5,183 feet; and Haystack, 4,919 feet. Other high peaks are Skylight, Whiteface, Clinton, Dix, Baldface, and Hopkins. rondacks lie the Catskills, noted for their scenic beauty, and as a summer resort. These mountains form the termination of a chain extending into the State from New Jersey, and are a continuation of the Blue Ridge range. Another branch enters the State at its S. boundary_and terminates in the Highlands on the Hudson. These mountains range in altitude from 1,500 to 3,500 feet. Among the more prominent are Beacon Hill, Bull Hill, and Butter Hill. A third range exappearing on the N. side of the river tends N. as far as the Mohawk, and renecting with the Adirondacks. The W. continues toward Lake Champlain, conportion of the State is undulating, descending in rolling terraces to Lake Ontario. The river systems are divided into two divisions, one flowing N. to the Great Lakes, and St. Lawrence, and the other reaching the Atlantic by the Hudson. The Hudson river, the most important in the State, rises in the Adirondack Mountains and is navigable for 150 miles. The St. Lawrence forms 100 miles of the Canadian boundary. Other important rivers are the Mohawk, entering the Hudson at Cohoes, the Susquehanna, formed by the Chenango and Tioga, the Delaware, Niagara, Black, Genesee, Oswego, and Allegheny. The lakes are numerous and noted for their beauty. One half of Lakes Ontario, and Champlain, and the E. end of Lake Erie are property of the State. Lake George, S. of Lake Champlain, is an extensive b Sundown Claryville ster Park 73° Livingston 72° Binnewater D E nor Stanfordville Ameni Rosendale Kerhonkson R. Lord Mohonk Lal arksville Neversink Staatsburg Thames R. Hank Lake West Park Liberty Millbro Voodbourne Ub Hyde Park Calicoon Hurlerville Dover Plains New Paltr OF Fallsburg Delaware Minnewaska Highland Poughkeepsie Gree Ellenville Greenfield Gardiner Centerville Sta. Cochectonc Wallkill Ardonia White Lake Monticello Summitville Warpingers Falle Matiboroo d Pawling New New Milford Pine Bush Wurtsboro Narrowsburg م Same Scale as Main Map Roseton Hamburg Stormville 10 Bullville Walden 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Connecticut R. Hartwood o Montgomery Matteawan Cirolevilleo Waterbury Otisvill Pasterson Mahkil Lon the Hudson Howells Newburgh Godellroy Towherr N. N Places of 100,000 and over New York Housotonic R. Barryville Middletown All PUTNA Judson Pondaddy O AN Carmel Brewster New Hamptono Washington Coroa Cold Spring Danbury " 25,000 to 100,000 Binghamton O Fille West Point New London Garrison Mahopad Sparrow Bush Goshen Chester Highland 10,000 to 25,000 Niagara Falls ervis ،، Matamoras Westtown Monroe o New Haven Heuvelton T Falis Croton Falls Saybrook County Towns Railroads. Milford Turner Florida UN D Fishers kskills Ardeno Tomki Unionvi Warwick deno Katonah Morristown I Canals R Depeyster Covelo Montros ine Cross River FISHERS I. LONG ISLANDS Bedford Sta ow Milford Haverstram Brier Hill Block Island Sussex Proton on Hudson Bridgeport Black ✓ PLUM 1. Tuxedo Park ROCKLAND Ossuing O Rocky Pt. Sound Montauk Delaware elt Gardiners (Shelter I Bay GARDINERS 2 Hillburn New Cr. Plea Hammondo Pope Mills Obanksville N Greenport Sulfern oppring Spring Val Targowne Lake swegao Pt. 1. Montan Hammond Brasie COTS 20 S.Norwalk Horton Pt. Jack Noutoo Baiting Hollow SHELTER 1. Southold Smithtown Pharmont nobba Ferrte Plainf Rossie Gouverneur Wading River ON W Port Jefferson andria Bay. Stony Brook Bay White Eatons Pt. 2 GRINDSTONE Fishers Redwood Bay • Mamaroneck Lloyd Pt. Mattifuck スダ 41 Rochelle Bay Sag JK Harbor Landing Therese Indian Oxbow o Northport LAndover Peconic Amagansett Y • Harrison Kingston Yonkers Spragueville burg Riverhead, Bridgehampton Paterson Glen Coveyster New Clayton Mt. Vernon Antwerp L N THOUSAND La Fargeville Orleans Manorville Bonapar Middle Island Southampton WOLFE CARLETON 1. Four Cors 0 。 • Smithtown VW Good Ground Hackensacks Philadelphia L. Ronkonkoma OCEA Part Washing oodbury ESLAND Cape Vincent Sea Cliff Grönt Nook Sterlingville Bonaparte Depauville AMHERSTI ISLANDS F Eastpor 72° S Central US Belvidere Yaphank ९ Perch L. Three Mile Bay • C Islipo Patchogue Morristown • Brook Haven Chaumont Flushing NASSAU Hicksville Hobe Evans Mills Natural Newark 77 Chaumont FFERSON Bridge ONE TOMOKOf Mintola Farmingdale GRENADIER Chaumont New York Brooklyn Bay Bay Phillipsburg Cy. Bay Shoreo Savville Limerick Black B QUEENSPEL • Floralo. Hempstead o 440 Jersey Great South Black River Carthage Pt. Peninsula Jamaica Picton Pabylon Elizabeth DUCK 1. Watertown Deer River Sacket Amityville Massapequa, Roorville Cen. Brook ~ Burrs.Mills KINGS GALLOO F Now Brighton Rahwayo Tompkinsville C NG I Smithville 8. Rutland Copenhagen Bay Pt. Croghan Somerville Lawrence Far, Rockaway Stapleton port T RICHMOND Castorland STONY CONEY N Perth Amboy Cottenville Princebay Adams Cen. Barnes Cors. Adams Riemington Beaver Falls STATEN onik Henderson A Pt. Peter 78° ISLAND Sand Hook New Bremen- Lowville Belleville 0 Worth O 75° New Brunswick Pierrepont Woodville D EW Manor Diamond Re Rector Glenfield RI Black R CA A Toronto 79° Mannsville B Hooker Houseville Band creek Page o Greenboro Lacona ONTA E Solmon New Centerville Lyons Falls Pulaski Richland K Port Leyden 이 LA Talcottville Thirtymile Pt R Point Breeze Fernwood Mohawk Hillo Lycoming Altmar Kasoag Demster Oswego Boonville Londonville W. Kendall 0 Manitou Pt. SWE W.Leyden Valo Appleton Carlton GO N.Hannibal Fairbanks Pt. Olcotto Mexico Maple View Williamstown Florence Point Kendall Morton Carlyono Fair Haven Sterling Great-Sodus Bl Sodus Pt Sodus Wilson dewfane Vermillion Oswego R. Bart Haulino N. Greece Rock Youngsto Barker • Middleport 70 Niagara Hilton Westdale St Claverhouse est Palermoo Hastings Amboy Cen D Ontario Cen Hamilton Williamson N.Huron o Red Creek Sterling • Glenmore Kent Millers Port Dalhousie Camden unibal Fulton Ontario o ORLEAN Brockport Tale Central Square Webstero Spencerport ONDA Medina cumville CANALO Lewiston Niagara Uniko Pennellville o Volcott W Monroe Ransomville ronhards Bay McConnells Holland Martville Modeltown Albion Holley Constantis ERIE Charlotte Phenix Lockport Gasport Meridian Clay N.Bay Ira Oneida Lake State. Bridge, Oriskany BelgiumO W.Vienna St. Catherines D Lincoln 1 Clarendon Cold Water Chille Churchville Black Sanborn Victory R Baldwinsville Euclid gton Springlakes to 6 Shelby Sodus Cen. S. Butler Cross L Lincoln Parko Caledonia Chippawa Rome Bridgeport Rochester Wolworth, Niagara Beach Ridge Tonawanda A GAR Grand Pittsford E. Rochester Mills A Marion CANAL Elba ron • N. Syracuse ampsville Vernon Clark Durhamville Oneids NewYork Falle N Onondaga E. Syracuse Oakfield, Le Salle Liverpool Clyde Canastota CANAL Clyde R. Cayuga burn skaneatele Fairport Warner Basoma Lyons R. Seneca R Getzville Cr. Henrietth Clarence o Cen. Akron Bergen Clifton Port Byron. Camillus vracuse awands O Macedop Kenwood Mine Batavia Morganville Scottsville Jordan ERIE Welland GRAND Palmyra Chitteille Cen. Vernon Clinton avannah Cayuga o Clarenceo Newe Mendon Fishers Port Gibsonl Williamsville WELLAND Fayetteville tenang Pembroke Le Roy Grandmote Deper Alden, pasien Alors der Layllion For Clifton Sors. Falls Crittenden G Mum fod Rochester Shortsville Jc. GENESEE Caledonia Honeye Falle Bloomteld Manlius Oran Munnsvilled Marcellus Victon N. 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Oramel 8.Oxford Richford Killaise Upper Centralin Cherry CreekoC Howard o Watkins Brisben Guilford Newfield Brookton ord Leon West Mayville Lislé Belfast CATTARAUGUScreeko AL hemuno Montereyb Almond ◎ Bath N W. Danby Speedsville Whitney Point Triangle Chenang Rockdale Montour Falls Angelica ۲۵ Ripley Dewittyville Sinclairvillko CHAUTAUQUA Black Hornell • Oдebba New Albion Beaver Dams daipine Willseyvilleo Alfred Sta LLEGANY Canisteo Conowango Val Chautauqua Chautariqua Kennedy Greene Coventry Ellicottville Adrian d Nanticoke Savona Dittle Valley Belvidere Berkshire Alfredo STEUBEN Chenango Forks Bainbridge Mill Po 10 Ischus Cuba Ketelhumville Pine Sherman Swartwoo Salamanca of Great Valley Belmont Kill Buck Hinsdale Lake Falconer Steamburge Findley Take Humphrey Valley Campbell Curtis Coopers Bemus Point Afton Friendship Newark 10 Candor Stow Castle Creek Tunnelo Cameron Vanetten Randolph Red. 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Moriaho Port Henry New haven Middlebury Catlin In Boreas Mi. Elk L. الے Long 44 Bog L Blueridge N.Hudson Crownpoint Lake Long Lake Newcomb Sana P. Nehasane Chain Lake Tahawus Boreas R M R Schroon Egatch Nehasane Le 16 Deerland Beaver S. River Paradox Crownpoint Con. Brandreth L aroth L Forked Iw σ Ironville 2 Big Moose Raquette Eagle Towahloondah Beaver River Lake Fr. Ticonderoga, Nest Kirschnerville Lake BOT Schroon Lake Blue Min. Lake 3 Ticonderoga Mt. Pharaoh Loch Muller Number Four Antlers Rogers Rock Wright S.Schroon Schroon Le Hague Hudson Raquette Lake RODEagle Baya Big Moose Watson Minbowbrook HAMILTON Minerve Taylors Olmstedville on: Schoo Adirondack roon IS Putnam Sta Brantlake Inlet 1 Indian Lake Brantingham Fultono Fulton ulton Lakes North River Pottersville Brant L. Silver Bay Rutland Sabael Old Forge Horicon LAKE North Creek Clemonsoliner R Chain Moose R. Cadar Lake Indian McKeever Chestertown Sodom Wevertown Lake Johnsburg GEORGE W Canada ام Woodhull Garnet Moose River Otter Lak Bolton Landingu Sagamore Lakes Hampton R mnedagas L. Leyden Sta Chub L RREN Bolton W Honneda Atwell Radeville Thurman Spruce L Speculator Warrensburg White Lake Core Bla Honnedaga Lake Pleasant) Griffin Athol 91 Knowelhurst Kaatskill Mid Granville L. Alford Lake George Bay Fort Ann TarnesdaPleasant Alder Greez Granville WiStony Creek Stony Creek NorthwoN Brad Wilmurt Morehouseville Piseco L. E Steuber Hartford Wells Kingsbury Branch Hinckler Smiths Basin Hoffmeister Sacanda Hadley Glens Fall wodd 4 Remsen Hope, Conklingv He Luzerne Sandy Hill Ferris L. Prospect Grant Hopefallsdaga A Norteandaga R NG Z Belcher Benson Patent Trenin Gray Benson Cen. o Fort Edwardo Argyle HO Cossayuna Z. Manchester Cold Brook Corinth Ville? l Falls Poland Stittville Whitesboro Moses Bacandag Parko oland Norway Batchellerville Gansevoorto Stratford Cranberry Cr. o Ft.Mille Kin Fairh Emmonsburg Marcy Middleville la Salem Thomson Porter Cors TO SARATOGA Pinelake Mayfield Middle Grove Greenfield Cen Utica Shushan U Salisbury F ERIE Herkimer ittle Rockwood Gloversville EGalwayo Dolgeville Saratoga Sprs. Broadalbin Hartford Saratoga L. Sauquoit o م Cambritige alls Johnstown wn. Vail Mills W.Galway Ilion CANALD 43 Tiashorn Buskirk Bridge- G T Mohaw St. Johns: Ephratahニーニunter Villa Fondao EU Ballston Spa Wayville Johnsonville Hposick Mechanicsville Mohawk Clayville. o Cassville Jordanville Amsterdam. Bridgewas! Cedarville Fort Plain S Columbia at Ballaston Lake Bchaghticoke Hoostok Falls Fulton Pattersonville Randall W Winfiel ville Canajoharie R.. Clifton Pko Melrose Minsville Hoosick Hoofick B Bennington MONTGOMERY Schenectady Crescent o 5 Richfield Sprs. S Salt Spring W. Exeter Schuyler L. Sharon Spr. Argusville. Pittstown Ames Esperance Waterford Grafton SCHENECTAL Ville Schuyler Lake Otsege Lohe Leonards P Cherry Valley Petersburg 5.Schenectady Cohoes Cropseyville Duanesburg Sharon Carlisle Sloansy Dle W. Edmeston Watervliet Troy Rose boom Central Br. Berlin Burlington Cooperstown Allamonto W.Albany S. Valley 8. Wynantskill Gallupville Slingerlands RENSSELAER Phoenix Mills Edmeston Westford Cobleskill Garratts Hartwick Schoharie Berne ALBANY E.Greenbush A Averillpark E.Worcester Richmondville ville Westville Worcester Summit Middleburg Clarksville New Lisbon Milfordo E.Schodack Glenmont OTSE GO SCHOHARIE ALBANY Morris Maryland Scheneve S Stephentown Castleton Brainard Eminence Breakabe Break Rensselaervill Dormansville S. Schodack Lebanon Sprs. Jefferson Holmesville Ravena o Lo-Cooperstown Je Livingstonville Preston New Lebanon W.Oneonta N.Blenheim Oneonta Gilbertsville Hollow Westerlo Old Chatham Pittsfield Mackey Davenport S.Jefferson Valatie Jeferson & Gilboa Norton Hill Now Baltimore Davenport Cen. Canaan Stamfordo S Wells Bridge Hobart Coornwallville Coxsackie Kinderhook Chatham Meridale Unadilla S.Kortright Grand Gorge R. Columbiaville Ghent 6 CATSKYLL Franklin م ✓✓ Prattsville Windham Athens COLUMBI Bloom ville Sidney Delhi Bovina Roxburyo Ashland Hudson Cairo Sidney Cen. Woodford Lexington GREENE Housatonic Philmont Halcottsville Tannersville Catskill Claverack Hillsdate Hin Masonville Hamden New Kingstono Catskill Sta. ARE/GMmn Cors. Andes DELA Alsen b Haines Falls Berkshire Pass Margaretville Pine Pine Hill ne o Barbourville R Palen file Shandaken Malden-on-Buda W Copake Walton Br. Delaware Shauctown Ro Arena MOUN-T-A-IN S Germantown Rock Rift De waar Union Boston Cor. Big Indian Phoenicia Saugerties Tivol ما Apex Aneram 0 Grove BADOV ville • Beech ford 4 Katrine Canaan Hardenburg Barrytown 6 Silvernails 42 Pine Plain ULSTERP Cadosia Red Hoo Horton Beaver Kill Branch Shokan W. Hurley Milan Claryville Brodhead Kingston Rhinecliff 2 Fishs Eddy Millerton Roscoe Rhinebeck Shekomekor Cooks Falls Livingston Manor o N CO DUTCHESS, Samsonville Tordville Sundown o LLIVAN 7 Staatsburg Amenla Parksville Long Eddy Greenwich 75° F 74° G Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng, Co. 1921 sheet of water and is a noted The central portion of the State has extensive lake system, containing Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Keuka, and Canandaigua lakes. The Adirondack region is full of lakes, including Long, Schroon, Upper and Lower Saranac, Placid, and Raquette. Chautauqua, in the S. and Saratoga and Otsego in the E. among the many pleasure resorts. waterfalls in the State are numerous and include Niagara Falls, Trenton Falls, Genesee Falls, Portage, Taghkanie, and those near Ithaca, and in Watkins Glen. There are many large islands, Manhattan, containing the greater part of New York City, Long Island, Staten Island, Coney Island, and Fire Island are on the S. Shore; and the St. Lawrence river contains over 700 small islands belonging to New York. The entire State is noted for its scenery; the Palisades, Highlands, and Catskills on the Hudson, Lake George, and Lake Champlain, the islands in the St. Lawrenee, numerous waterfalls, chasms, inland lakes, and glens, all abound in historical traditions and are of great in terest to the tourist. The chief harbors are New York, on New York Bay; Dunkirk and Buffalo on Lake Erie; Tonawanda and Lewiston, on Niagara river; Genesee, Sodus, Oswego, Sacketts Harbor, and Cape Vincent on Lake Ontario; the St. Lawrence; Ogdensburg on Rouse's Point, Plattsburg, and Whitehall, on Lake Champlain; and Sag Harbor on the E. end of Long Island. Geology. Nearly all the formations are present in New The Archæan is represented in the rondacks and the Highlands on Hudson by gneisses and granites. Palæozoic constitutes four - fifths area of the State and is represented schists, slates, and metamorphosed rocks in the E. and by massive sandstones in the Catskills. The Palæozoic is represented by the Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian periods. The Triassic and Jurassic are represented by Newark sandstones and shales, in Rockland county; and the Pleistocene, by glacial drift, and lacustrinea and estuarine clays covering a great part of the State. The Pleistocene ice sheet covered the entire State and is responsible for many of the details of topography. Soil and Productions. - About one the area of the State is adapted to tivation. The principal forest trees the maple, oak, pine, elm, hickory, birch, ash, hemlock, spruce, poplar, willow, whitewood wh, basswood, butternut, sycamore, ailantus, black walnut, yew, and sumach. glass. resort. Agriculture is carried on to a large exan tent, New York being one of the leading agricultural States in the Union. The chief agricultural crops in 1919 were as follows: corn, 35,260,000 bushels, valued at $58,532,000; oats, 29,580,000 bushels, valued at $24,551,000; wheat, 11,178,000 W., bushels, valued at $ 24,32,000; hay, are 6,539,000 tons, valued at $ 134,870,000; The beans, 1,450,000 bushels, valued at $ 7, - , 105,000; potatoes, 39,567,000 bushels, valued at $57,372,000. Much attention is paid to dairy and market farming, and the State ranks first in the production of buttre and milk. Mineral Production. - New York ranks among the first of the States in the production of iron ore. In 1918 there were shipped from the iron mines of the State 889 889,970 long tons of iron ore, valued at $5 $5,802,807. The value of the clay products amounts to over $12,000,000 anlly. Salt is an important mineral nually product. Over 2,000,000 tons are produced annually with a value of about $6,000,000. The value of the cement products is about $7,000,000 annually. Other important mineral products are aluminum, ferro alloys, petroleum, sand gravel. The total value of the mineral production of the State in 1917 was $52,123,552. Manufactures. The river systems with their extensive water power, the proximity of the Pennsylvania coal fields, and the facilities for transportation make New York one of the most prom- The folgeological inent manufacturing States. York. lowing figures relate to the census of Adi- 1914. Number of establishments, 48,203; the wage earners, 1,057,857; capital in- The vested, $ 3,334,278,000; amount paid for the materials, $ 2,108,607,000; value of prodby ucts, $ 3,814,661,000. Niagara Falls gives enormous power which is turned into electricity and used in the manufacture of aluminum, caborundum, and machinery. Schenectady is famous for its locomotives and electrical apparatus, Balston Spa for its paper mills, Elmira for its car shops, Oswego for flour mills, Kingston for hydraulic cement, Haverfor bricks, Rochester for optical for straw goods, Syracuse for salt, and Brooklyn, New York ork City, Buffalo, Utica, Albany, Troy, Binghamton, Yonkers, and Long Island City for general manufactures. The principal articles of manufacture - half include cotton, woolen, and silk goods, 1 cul- boots and shoes, clothing, tobacco, are liquors, foundry and machine shop prodbeech, ucts, paper, flour and grist, locomotives, cedar, electrical goods, machinery, furniture, chestnut, household and agricultural implements, locust, toys and novelties, leather goods, and Vol. VI-Cyc-CC Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 485 National banks in operation, with an aggregate capital stock of $179,125,000; outstanding circulation, $71,646,134; and United States bonds and deposits, $76,302,400. There were also 210 State banks, with $39,603,- $5,000, 000 in capital, $61,911,000 in surplus; ; and $1,270,298 in resources; 89 private banks, with $1,521,000 in capital, $2,868- 000 in surplus, and $23,358,000 in resources; 141 mutual and stock savings banks, with $2,179,034,000 in savings deposits, $181,127,000 in surplus, and $2,367,040,000 in resources; and 101 loan and trust companies, with $136,043,000 in capital, $206,490,000 in surplus, and $3,654,027,000 in resources. The exchanges at the various clearing houses in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, were as follows: New York, $214,703,444,000; Buffalo, $1,429,378,000; Rochester, $454, 421,000; and Albany, $252,248,000. Education. The total school population of the State in 1918 and 1919 was 2,386,836. There were registered in the public schools 1,672,311 pupils. The average attendance was 1,310,826. The total expenditures for public schools during that year amounted to $92,334,179, and the receipts to $133,833,419. The principal colleges include Columbia University, New York University, Manhattan College, College of the City of New York, and St. Francis Xavier College in New York City; Hobart College at Geneva; University of Buffalo at Buffalo; Cornell University at Ithaca, Union College at Sch Schenectady; Syracuse University at Syracuse; University of Rochester at Rochester; Hamilton College at Clinton; and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy. The women's colleges include Vassar College at Poughkeepsie; Barnard College at New York City; Wells College at Aurora; Elmira College at Elmira; and Teachers' College at New York City. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Regular Baptist, Prostestant Episcopal, Reformed Jewish, Congregational, Lutheran General Council, and Lutheran Synodical Conference. Railways. The total railway mileage of the State in 1919 was about 8,500. The roads having the longest mileage are the New York Central, the Erie, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Lehigh Valley. Finances. The assessed value of real and personal property in the State in 1919 was $12,758,021,934. The direct taxes levied in that year amounted to $13,523,503. The ordinary receipts amounted to $80,408,634, and the ordi nary expenditures to $78,941,313. The excess receipts over the expenditures was $1,492,232. Charities and Corrections. - Among the most important charitable and correctional institutions in the State are the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Bath, Boys' Reformatory at Elmira, House of Refuge at Randalls Island, Institution for Feeble-Minded at Syracuse, Craig Colony Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea, Reformatory for Women at Bedford Hills. The total cost for the support of charitable and correctional institutions in the State is about $3,000,000 annually. State Government. The governor is elected for a term of two years, and receives a salary of $10,000 per annum. Legislative sessions are held annually, commencing on the first Wednesday in January, and the length of the session is unlimited. The Legislature has 51 members in the Senate and 150 in the House. There are 43 Representatives in Congress. In 1920 the governor was a Democrat, and the Legislature Republican. History. The first explorations of New York were made by Champlain and Henry Hudson in 1609, Champlain coming down from Canada, as far as the lake which bears his name, and Hudson, discovering New York Bay, and sailing up the Hudson river. The region surrounding the Hudson was claimed by the Dutch who called the place New Netherlands, sending out numerous colonists, who explored the country along the Hudson and Long Island Sound, and founded trading posts at Fort Orange (now Albany), and at New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island, the latter the present city of New York. The Dutch settlements were invaded by the English from Connecticut, and by the Swedes in Delaware. The E.glish claimed New Netherlands as part of Virginia, priorly discovered by Cabot, and Charles II., in 1664, granted a charter of all the lands lying between the Hudson and the Dela ware to his brother, the Duke of York. In August of the the same year the whole country passed into the possession of the English, who gave the name of New York to New Amsterdam, and that of Albany to Fort Orange. When the Duke of York ascended the English throne as James II., the government became an appendage to the crown, and was administered by viceroys bearing the title of governor. In 1684 Governor Dongan concluded an offensive and defensive treaty with the Indians; and from that time forward the English became their allies and fast friends. The peace of Ryswick in 1697, terminating the war NEW YORK BARGE CANAL 447 between England and France Frontenac, the French governor ada at the time, directed against the Five Nations. ceeding was frustrated by the English governor of the province, who supported the Indians. The great conflict between England and France to decide the sovereignty of America broke out in 1754. In 1756, the French destroyed Oswego; and, in the following year, Fort William Henry capitulated to the French, when the English garrison was massacred by the Indian allies of the victors. In 1758 General Abercrombie was defeated at Ticonderoga, and Colonel Bradstreet took Fort Frontenac. In 1759 Niagara surrendered to General Prideaux and Sir William Johnson, and Ticonderoga and Crown Point were abandoned, leaving no French troops within the limits of the colony. In 1775 the Revolutionary War broke out, and in February, 1776, an American force took possession of New York City, which they held till the defeat at Long Island in August. In 1783 New York City was evacuated by the British. The first constitution of the State was adopted in 1777, and was successively revised in 1801, 1821, 1846, 1877. In 1788 New York adopted the Federal Constitution. The National Government was first located in New York City, which was the State capital till 1797. During the War of 1812 important events took place on the N. boundary, along Lake Ontario, the Niagara river, and on Lake Champlain. Slavery was abolished in 1817. Steamboat navigation was begun on the Hudson in 1807, and in 1825 the Erie Canal was completed from the Lakes to the Hudson. New York took an active part in the Civil War, supplying large numbers of troops to the army. Since the close of the war rapid steps of progress have been made, and the State has attained a position which gives it a fair claim to the title of Empire State.