Nicholas
Nicholas names 6 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Nicholas the name of five Popes
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of five Popes, NICHOLAS I., Pope, elected in succession to Benedict III ., in 858. He excommunicated Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, whose schism led to the separation of the Roman and Byzantine Churches. He died in Rome, 867. NICHOLAS II., Pope; born in Burgundy . He became Archbishop of Florence, and succeeded Stephen IX . in 1058. He was opposed by a rival, who styled himself Benedict X.; but being disavowed by the council of Satri, the latter was obliged to forego his claim to the papal chair. This Pope assembled a council at Rome, and caused a decree to be passed which was very important in the subsequent elections to the tiara. He was succeeded by Alexander II. He died in 1061. NICHOLAS III., Pope; born of a noble Italian family ily. He was elected in succession to John XXI., in 1277. He obtained from the emperor, Rudolph of Hapsburg, large grants of Italian territory; among the rest, the exarchate of Ravenna. He dispatched a number of missions to heathen countries. His successor was Martin IV. He died in 1280. NICHOLAS IV., Pope; born in Ascoli, Italy . He was elected to the papal chair on the death of Honorius IV., in 1288, being the first member of the Franciscan order to become Pope. He endeavored to excite a new crusade, but without success. He died in 1292 . NICHOLAS V., Cardinal-Bishop of Bologna , became Pope after Eugenius IV., in 1447. He restored peace to the Roman and Western Churches, and caused the sovereigns and states of Italy to forget their feuds. He collected books and manuscripts, and ordered translations to be made of the Greek classics. The Vatican library was practically founded by him, and he embellished Rome with numerous fine edifices. He was an enlightened and distinguished Pope. He died in 1455. VICH), Emperor of Russia, third son of the Emperor Paul I.; born near St. Petersburg , Russia, June 25, 1796 (old style). He ascended the throne in 1825. He made war with Persia in 1827-1828; joined in the treaty of London, which secured the independence of Greece, and made one of the allied powers who destroyed the Turkish fleet at Navarino in 1827. This affair led to war between Russia and Turkey, in which the latter was defeated, paid indemnity, and signed the treaty of peace at Adrianople in 1829. He suppressed the Polish insuryear with relentless severity. In 1848 rection which broke out in the following Nicholas assisted Austria with an army corps in putting down the rising in sian effort to take over the holy places Hungary. Early in 1852 began the Rusand assume the protectorate of the Christians in Palestine . This led to the Nicholas died from lung disease in St. Crimean War, before the close of which Petersburg, Feb. 18, 1855 (old style). NICHOLAS I. (NIKOLAI PAVLOson of Alexander III.; born in St. Pe- NICHOLAS II., Emperor of Russia, tersburg, Russia, May 18, 1868. His mother was the Princess Dagmar, a daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark. The course of his studies was by his father's wish, directed chiefly to modern history and languages, constitutional history , political and social econhis own country. During the famine of omy, and the law and adminstration of president of the Committee of Succor, 1891 he was, at his own request, made and worked hard in the organization of relief. As czarevitch he held several military commands in his own countryin the famous Préobrajensky regiment among others and in England he had conferred on him in 1893 the Order of the Garter. He succeeded to the throne Nov. 1, 1894. He married the Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt , grand-daughter of Queen Victoria of England, Nov. 26, 1894. His coronation took place with impressive and elaborate ceremonial at the same year he commenced a tour Moscow in May, 1896, and in August of which included visits to the Emperor of Austria and Germany, to the King of Denmark, to Queen Victoria, and to the President of France. The visit to Paris was taken advantage of to accentuate the friendly understanding or alliance, as it may now be called, between France and Russia. This alliance was definitely announced on the occasion of the visit of President Faure to St. Petersburg in 1887. The Franco-Russian convention as an offset to the Anglo-Japanese entente NICHOLAS II. was further strengthened when the Czar visited Paris in September, 1901, and by the visit of President Loubet to St. Petersburg in May, 1902. The Russo-Japanese war led to revolutionary uprisings at the capital in 1905 that were vigorously suppressed. Nicholas II. in the negotiations that culminated in the World War was anxious to avoid a conflict, but at the same time was determined that Austria should not crush Serbia. (See WORLD WAR.) Russian reverses and German intrigue shook the government of the Empire in 1915-1916. The influence of the monk Rasputin on the Czar and his family created great discontent througho hroughout the nation. His subsequent murder came too late; for the country was seething with revolution. The Duma met in March, 1917, and defied the Czar's attempt to dissolve it. Rodzianko, leader of the Duma, urged the Emperor to crush German intrigue and change his counsellors, if he would save his throne. The Czar paltered and delayed, and on March 15, 1917, he was forced to abdicate at Pskov for himself and his son in favor of the Grand-Duke Michael. The latter declined the honor until the National Assembly should decide what the future government was to be. The imperial family were placed under arrest and after some months they were transferred to Tobolsk. Some time between night and morning of July 16- 17, 1918, the Czar and his family were shot at Ekaterinburg in the Urals by the Executive Committee of the Ural District Soviet of the Workmen's, Peasants', and Red Army deputies. NICHOLAS I., former reigning Prince or Hospodar, and King of Montenegro; born Oct. 7 (Sept. 25), 1841. After an educational course at Trieste and Paris, he succeeded his uncle, who had been assassinated in August, 1860. He married in the same year Princess Milona, the daughter of the vice-president of the Council of State. In 1890 the 30th anniversary of his accession was celebrated, and during 1896 the bicentenary of the foundation of his dynasty. His daughter, Princess Helen, married the Prince of Naples, now King Victor Emmanuel III. of Italy; and another daughter, Princess Anne, Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg. Princess Malitza married the Russian Grand-Duke Peter, and Princess Stana, Duke George of Leuchtenberg. Prince Danilo, the eldest son, married, in 1899, the Duchess Jutta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1910 Nicholas celebrated the 50th anniversary of his rule and assumed the title of King of Montenegro. When the Austro-Germans overran the country in December, 1915, the King fled to France. On Nov. 8, 1918, he expressed himself in favor of a union of Montenegro with Jugoslavia. On Nov. 29 King Nicholas was deposed by the Montenegrin National Assembly, which voted for a union of Montenegro with Serbia under King Peter. 1
Nicholas GRAND DUKE, named by the Council of Russian Monarchists
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
GRAND DUKE, named by the Council of Russian Monarchists rightful successor to the late Czar Nicholas II, November 22, 1922. BIOGRAPHICAL CONTINUATIONS 62 published in 1922, form a valuable contribution both to permanent literature and to the history of Anglo-American relationships during the World War. PEPPER, GEORGE WHARTON, elected to the Senate, 1922, for the regular term, 1923-29. PINCHOT, GIFFORD, in 1922 received the regular Republican nomination for governor of Pennsylvania and was elected by a large majority. PITNEY, MAHLON, retired from the Supreme Court on account of ill health January, 1923. ate, 1922, for the term 1923-29. PLUNKETT, SIR HORACE C., named senator of the Irish Free State, December, 1922. POINCARE, RAYMOND, premier of France for the second time, 1922. Published "Origins of the War" (1922), an account drawn from personal and official sources. POINDEXTER, MILES, renominated for the Senate, 1922, but failed of re-election by a narrow margin. POMERENE, ATLEE, defeated for re-election to the Senate, 1922. REED, JAMES A., renominated and reelected to the Senate, 1922, on an antiprohibition platform. RHONDDA, VISCOUNTESS, finally denied a seat in the British House of Lords by vote of an enlarged committee May, 1922, the decision affecting more than twenty women holding peerages. ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., elected president of the American Construction Council (q. v.), 1922. SIMS, WILLIAM SNOWDEN, retired from the U. S. Navy October 14, 1922, on completing his sixty-fourth year. SMITH, ALFRED EMANUEL, elected governor of New York for the second time, November, 1922. SMOOT, REED, appointed a member of the Foreign Debt Funding Commission, 1922. STRAUS, OSCAR S., reminiscences "Under Four Administrations," published in 1922. SUN-YAT-SEN, head of successive South China governments, 1917-22. In August, 1922, he was temporarily overthrown by his former military leader, Chan Chiung- Ming, but his influence remained strong in both South and North China and he PAGE, WALTER HINES. His letters, returned to Canton in triumph early in 1923. SUTHERLAND, HOWARD, defeated for re-election to the Senate, 1922. TAFT, WILLIAM H. In 1922, he visited England for the purpose of making a personal study of English courts and judicial methods. THOMAS, AUGUSTUS, appointed, July, 1922, executive chairman of the Theatrical Producers' Association, an organization including nine-tenths of all the producing managers of America. TOWNSEND, CHARLES ELROY, defeated for re-election to the U. S. Senate, Nov- PITTMAN, KEY, re-elected to the Sen- ember, 1922, largely as a consequence of the Newberry issue in Michigan. TRAMMEL, PARK, re-elected Senator, 1923-29. VENIZELOS, ELEUTHERIOS. Following the disastrous defeat of the Greek forces in Asia Minor, 1922, he was hastily named by the revolutionary Committee to act for Greece in London and Paris, subsequently representing his country at the Near Eastern Conference at Lausanne. WHITE, WILLIAM ALLEN. In 1922, he came into national prominence for a time for alleged violation of the Kansas Industrial Relations Court Act, in having displayed a placard of sympathy with the strikers in the railway shopmen's strike. WILLIAM II, EX-KAISER, published "Historical Tables," 1922, containing an account of European events and diplomatic history from 1878 to 1914. On Nov. 5, 1922, he was married at Doorn to Princess Hermione von Schoenaich- Carolath, a widow of noble, but not royal, birth. WORK, DR. HUBERT, transferred by President Harding from the postmastergeneralship to the Department of the Interior March 4, 1923. WU-TING-FANG, in his last years, associated with Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen in the South China government established at Canton. In 1922 he was offered the post of premier of China under a program of general reunion, but his death occurred June 23 of that year before he was able to reply to the offer. YEATS, WILLIAM BUTLER, nominated to the Senate of the Irish Free State, December, 1922. (See also NECROLOGY).
Nicholas ST., Bishop of Myra
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., Bishop of Myra, in Lycia. He is believed to have lived under Diocletian and Constantine, and to have suffered persecution under the former but little is known of his life. His feast day in the Roman calendar is Dec. 6; he is the patron saint of poor maidens, sailors, travelers, merchants, and children (Santa Klaus), and is one of the most popular saints in the Greek Church. NICHOLAS II. LAND, a group of islands N. of Cape Chelyuskin, Asia. It was discovered in 1913 by Captain Vilkitski. The islands extend about 200 miles to the N. and N. W. to about 81° N., 96° E. The vegetation is scanty and the land is for the most part volcanic. American physicist; born at Leamington, England, 1854. Graduated from Cornell, 1875. Studied at Leipsic, Berlin, and Göttingen (Ph.D. 1879). Appointed to a fellowship in physics, Johns Hopkins. Worked in Edison's laboratory, Menlo Park. Professor of physics and astron- 1881. omy, Central University, Kentucky, 188 Physics and chemistry, U emistry, University University of Kansas, 1883. Professor of physics, Cornell, 1887. Member National Academy of Sciences, and President American Association for Advanced Science, 1907, and of American Physicist Society, 1907- 1918. LL. D. and D. Sc., University of Pennsylvania and Dartmouth.
Nicholas nik'o-las, the name of five popes and two rulers of Russia
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
nik'o-las, the name of five popes and two rulers of Russia. Nicholas I was czar of Russia from 1825 until the time of his death in 1855. He was an unmitigated despot. He forced his nobles to better the condition of the serfs. He required conformity to the rules of the church. The Crimean War was begun during his reign. Nicholas II, the present czar, was crowned in 1894. His reign has been noted thus far for the part he took in the peace conference of the Hague, for a disastrous war with Japan, and for a general uprising of the peasantry in 1905. See Russia
Nicholas GRAND-DUKE; born in 1868
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
GRAND-DUKE; born in 1868. Russian General, Commander-in- Chief of the Russian army in the Great War (1914-1918). He was born in the capital city of St. Petersburg. In the Turkish War of 1877-1878 he served with distinction under his father, Grand-Duke Nicholas Nicholaevitch who commanded the Russian army in European Turkey. Later he was placed in command of a regiment, after which he was made Inspector-General of Cavalry. In 1906 he was placed in charge of the St. Petersburg military district, and at the outbreak of the war was called upon to take command of all the Russian armies. After
Nicholas ST. the Russian reverses in 1915
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST. the Russian reverses in 1915, he was transferred to the command of the Russian forces in the Caucasus, where he aided both the Persian and British armies in Mesopotamia. After the Russian revolution, and subsequent overthrow of the Romanoffs, in 1917, he was said to have been tried and executed by the Bolsheviki. This report, however, was untrue, and the Grand-Duke escaped the fate of the Czar and the rest of the royal family.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's, writing in 1921, already had the essentials of the Ekaterinburg killings right, but for decades the Soviet state denied that the whole family had died there, and rumours that a daughter survived fed the Anna Anderson "Anastasia" claims. The grave was located in 1979 and excavated openly in 1991; DNA testing confirmed the remains, and Nicholas II, Alexandra and three daughters were reburied in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St Petersburg in July 1998, with remains attributed to Alexei and Maria found nearby in 2007. In 2000 the Russian Orthodox Church canonised the family as "passion-bearers," a reversal of the political verdict that killed them. On the popes, the account still stands; historians now treat Nicholas I's quarrel with Photius as one stage in a long estrangement rather than the moment of separation, and the Vatican Library that Nicholas V effectively founded is a working research institution that has digitised tens of thousands of its manuscripts.
Written for this edition, 2026.