Ontario
Ontario names 4 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Ontario LAKE, the smallest and most E
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LAKE, the smallest and most E. of the five great lakes of North America, in the St. Lawrence basin, partly belonging to Canada and partly to the State of New York. It is an elongated, oval shape, 172 miles in length, by a maximum breadth (in the center) of 60 miles; covering an area of about 5,400 square miles. Its surface level is about 334 feet below that of Lake Erie, Sault Ste. MarieGarden E 81° 82° D 83° C B Echo puro Romford Sudbury Larchwood o Chelmsford Hillcrest Rock Lake Missis Spanish R White R ester Vermilion Coppercliff Sault Ste. Marie Worthington Hagar L Warzen Whitefish orge Kerner L Wanapitel Elliot L.M Wanapit uce Mines Bable Cook Mills Pollar Thessalon, Chiblow Veuve R. Wanup Otter Richards Ldg. Had River Spanish Vairne Spanish. Cutler Algoma Burwash Stanley Panache Waterfall Wolseley Massey West B. R Paget Porlock alford Long Pt. Delamere Tyson R CHANNEL 0 CLAPPERTON L • Strait of Mississagi Rutter Ray of Islande DROMMOND Frazer B Killarney 1. C. Robert Bayswate French River French French 8 Mack ARQUETTE CLOCHEA MACKINAO BARRIE COC RO West Little Str. of BURN Gore Bay B. Current Pickerel Beld Sd hagawong PHILIP JBLADGE WARD 1.Q Lake o o Pakesley Loring Key Harbor BOIS BLANC L Manitou GEORGIAN o Mowat Wolf R. ndine Pt. GREEN 1. Still C.Smith 2 L. Salines Portage Bay Mindemova Byng Inlet N L Manitowaning South BD Maganatawan DUCK IS. Cheboygans S A PARRY Providence Bay Naiscot Bolger. Hammond Bay Chan. CLUB 1. Michael Bay Pt.au Barlo Shewanagar BoakviewWat LONELY 1. Walker Pt. Shawanaga Shawanaga Carlmas KE Adams Pt. Owen Rogers City Bay FITZWILLIAM 1. Parry Sound Depot Harbor 3 Otten COVE I. FLOWERPOT I Cabot Head 0. Hurd Tobermory Hillman Albena C. Chin 45 Moose Pr North Pt. Atlanta BAY WESTERN Thunder Barrow Lion Hdo 18 Bay Stokes Bay C. Croker South Pt. Hope Bay 4 Red Bay HAY I HU GRIFFITH 1. Calpoy CHRISTI H North Keppel Bay 1. Penetang Au Sable Harrisville Owen. Sa Wiarton C. Rich Mio Midland Chiefs Pt. Nottawasaga Hepworthol shakow Parknezdo Lake Meaford Bay Owen R. Thornbury Sound Allenfordjo Southampton Craigleith Tara Port. Elgin Chatsworth Collingwood Oscoda Nottawa Sun Sunnidale Dobbinton Berkeley Tawas City 5 Saugeen Glen Huron Pt. Douglas R West Branch Ottawa Pt. G R Y Creemore Paisley Chesley Markdale Flesherton Tiverton Hanover Priceville Pinkerton Kincardine Mansiert Omer Durham Proton R Cargill Horning Dundalk Port Austin Walkerton o 44 Neustadt Pt. Clark Shelburne DUFFERIN Myton Holstein Ripley Mildmay Teeswater Caseville Pinconning Crombi ucknow Cliffordro t. Forest Tarbert Dr Saginaw Waldemar Wingham Harriston Grand. Valleyo Wroxeter Martlana nueva Bay Port Bay Altono Harbor Besch Hillsburg 6 Palmerston Arthur Badaxe WELLINGTON Belgrave Brussels Blyth. Moorefield to Drayton Ethel Goderich Midland Belwood Listowel Alma HOURON Bay City 6 sergus Georgetown Glenallan D Holmesville Henfryn Atwood Acton Elora Elmira Rock wood Clinton Cass Seaforth Bayfield Milverton St.Jacob Brucefield o Car Dublin Kinkora WATERLOO Saginaw Mitchell 5 R Hebpeteй NewWaterloo१ Lensall Blair Preston St. Joseph Hamburg Kitchener Vassar Exeter Stratford P Dashwood Wate Shakespeare Galt 7 Tavistock o P G A - Branchton の St. Marys St Phuis Plattsvillep diton Flint Thede Centralia indebove Hickson Prumbo Harrisburgo Copetow lisa Craig Kettle Innerkip Pariso oo Lucan R Pt. BrantfordR Thomadstock Parkhill 6 Rrinceton Mt. Vernon Clanford Flint Fore Ausable Embro Burford Mt. Vernon Aberard Imlay City 43 Idlerton o Arkona MIDDLESEX Thamesford OXFORD Corunna (Kerwood afford Ingersoll Kelvin Onkland Port Huron 。 London Norwich Winderford Otterville indham Sarnia Komoka Belmont Springforev Durand Petrolea Strathroy Clair Corunna St. Clair Nixon Yarmouth Tillsonburg LAMBTONAvinston Muncey elhi o Simcos Chehr Oxford 8 Springfield Holly outright Oil Spry Appine P. Shedden St. Thomas CorinthNORFOLK Romeo Aylmer Marine City c Eden Vittoria Glencoe Port Dover oumbra Rutherford Newbury Walsh Pontiac o Port Ryerse Vienna / Foresty ille o Howell Port Lambton Mt. Clemens Port Rowan Long Point Bay Port Stanley Both well R Wallagoburg Port Bruce Dutton Rodney Port Burwell N Port Talbot Dresden Bismarck Port Royal Houghton Thamesvil Long Point Darrell Northville o Lake K Thames B N Detroit R. Belle River ERI Ridretown St. Clair Chatham Stony P Chelsea Fargo Morpeth Blenheim 9 Fletcher Detroit Ann Arbor Windsor Pte.aux Pins Tilbury Sandwich Ruscomb Merlin Rondeau. Comber • Essex Blytheswood • Manchester Taidstone Wyandotte Romney o Tecumseh Wheatley Amherstburg 42 LAKE Erie eamington Kingsville Dundee Ston Pt. Conneaut Monroe Pte. Pelee Raisin Pt. Ashtabula 10 OHIO PELEE 1. North C. 81 ° from E Greenwich. 80 82° Longitude D West 83° C A 84° B Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng. Co., 1921 H G F 80° Dumoipe Beauchene Moose Le Hillcrest w. Cowlonge Sturgeon Falls Cache Ba Meadowside Branch Snake Creek Black Mattawa Eau Claire RuthergleDeux Riviere O North Bay Beaucellek Ottawa Nipissing Jo R. Klook L. Nipissing ☑ Joachim Rapids 2 Callande Vasbonsi Bonneld Bisset Rockeline Frank Bay Chaudiere River Waltham was R. Falls Restoul L Powassan/ Letaawa River Cedar L Trout Creek? Trout L • Deals Tea L. Golden Valley ALLUMETTE R Petawawa Burnt L. ALGONQUIN South River Pembroke Maranatowan Sundridge White Trout WAROUND Beachburg o Rainy Lake AERK Opeongo/L Stony L Locksley Emsdale Ravensworth P R Round L. Cobd Cance Lake Algonquin Parl Aylen az RE Burks Falls. Amik L. Sprucedal Mid Lake E •• Rock Lake -Victoria L. R. Seguin Falls 0 Madawaska Whitehall o Bear Golden Lake dringtonk Eganville Kearne Killalõe Douglas Lake Scotia Whitney Barrys. Bay, Nobel Maple Renfre Bark. L Novar Mamaniskeg Combermer Madawaska TODO Blackstone Pt. Cockburn Lake o Falding L. Kawagama Hay L. Calsbogi Griffith Rosseau, Verno Dorset Kennisis Bays L Maynooth Utterson Muskoka R.HABURTON Bancroft Port Hybla o Baysville Denbigh o Carling Falkenburg Josep LENNOXA F MUSKOK Weslemkoon Haliburton Medora Bracebridge L. Amable Buckshoto Mis Bala Wilberforce L. Muskoka Cross L. Minden Muskoka Wharf Gravenhurst Ormsby wevern R Gooderham Sturgeon Gelert Massenoyd L Gochill Buckskino Thanet St. Ola Kondale/ Clydesdale 6 t Severn. Gull. L. Blac Kinmount Apsley bevern D Arden, Millbridge Victoria Longford au baushene 2 Coboconk Coldwater Bannockburn Burleigh Kaladar O Burnt River C9 Untergrove Balsam Orillia Atherly Elmvaleo Carley Burnt RETERBOROUGH P Bridgewater Phelpstonighurstawkestone Brechin Madoo L. Marmora Bobcaygeon Stony L Stoco Tamwort R Not Fenelon Falls Havelock Lake Tweed Midhurst Lakefield Norwood Beaverton Woodville Centr Ivanhoe GT Stayner Barrie Marlbank VICTORIA 0 asu ndian River Simcoe Campbellford Napaneed Moira Crent Stirling Lindsay Cannington Angus Utopia Allandale b Peterborough R C Sutton Hastings conto. Omemee Bakte Sunderland Cavanville Wark-worth Trenton Belleville Frankford Bethanyo o Cookstown Fontypool Mansers Rice Souage Millbrook Alliston Bradford out Albert Port Harwood T ORTHUMBERLAND Perry town Beton Holl Uxbridge Newmarket Stoufivill PRING Piston Castleton Brighton. DURHAM dg.. au E EDWA Myrtle Tottenham Furora Clarem Wellington Bloomfield Colborne RichmoArkham Br Conser Oronó Grafton Cherry Valley Pt. Cobourg Orangeville Port-Hope O Newtonville Caledon Hill Catara Bolton Newcastle Uniouville Peter Bowmanville Oshawa Whitby lokering R Port. Union orval o Brampto A Weston ٢٠١ court N Scarboro Norway B ksville Stewarton Toronto H G 84 HALTONSO ort Credit Miltor M94° N 92° P 90° akville Tansley Port Dalhousie Niagara R. Bronte Burlington Ft. Hope 多 Vingara R P amilton LA T Jordan Trout L. 22 Albany Merrittout.Ontharines/ Winona Red L Undas 9 12 L.St.Joseph Caledoni Beamsvil Osnaburg House Magara Niagara o Armstrong Pascopee English • Gran York Staunton Falle Harvey Fa o Willett Ridgeville WETLAND Collins Cameo ippawa Green Lac Sou McIntosh oSuperior Hawk Lake Fowler Ogoki Redditt Bucke Minaki Rosnel 43 Smith Jaco Rainyer Vermilion Morgan Webster Pelican Yelif Canif Taggart Freda Wella Thert Oxdrift Dryden Fort.Eri 50 R Danville Jarvis Cheapside Rainham To Aap Wabigoo Dinorwic Vonde Wa o turgeon Alcona Colborne Port Buffalo Raleigh Unakao Ridgew . Pt Abino Lannin Soovil Sowden Nanticoke Nipigo Reba Quorn o Knowlton Mine Centre Ignace Oscar aine Bonheur PERocko Larson Red Rock Ouimef Boot English 2 Upsala o helly the B Pinewood Mackenzie 13 Rainy James E Linko North Lake Rosamere o Herne Windigoo962 Bannino Tematite o o Griff o Lowan Kawene O Barwick Emo D Huroniano Keegoo Dunkirk Gowanaa Frances Rainy ०६०० La Vallee Ft. Gunflint hahabolwe Narrows Kabaigon Farring - Port Ar Der Ha Ft. Westfield 48 M Stanley Willi Silver Mt Lak NE Chautauqua Mayville Whitefish WESTERN PART O4North 9 N N. ISLE SU LAKE ROYALE L Eagle River Jamestown ONTARIO -42 14 Keu APOSTLE STATUTE MILES 16. Baraga PENNSYLVANIA 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 M WIS. ° 92 Long. O 90°West P8 M 94° 79° F N and 231 feet above the tide level of the St. Lawrence. Its depth is said to average 490 feet; but in some places it is upwards of 600 feet in depth, and it is navigable throughout its whole extent for vessels of the largest size. The St. Lawrence (under the name of the Niagara river) enters it near its S. W. and leaves it at its N. E. extremity, where it is much encumbered with small islands. Lake Ontario has many good harbors; and as it never freezes, except at the sides, where the water is shallow, its naviga- the tion is not interrupted like that of Lake Bay Erie. It is, however, subject to violent it storms and heavy swells. Toronto, Kingston, Newcastle, and Niagara are the principal towns on the British side; and Oswego, Genesee, and Sackett's Harbor on the American bank. This lake receives numerous rivers, including the Trent and Humber on its N., and the Black, Genesee, and Oswego from its S. shores. It communicates by the Genesee river and Oswego canal with the Erie canal, and, consequently, with the Hudson river and New York City; the Niagara river and the Welland canal, at its S. W. extremity, unite it with Lake Erie, and the Rideau canal connects it with the Ottawa at Ottawa city. Numerous sailing vessels and steamers of large size navigate this lake, which is the center of an extensive commerce.
Ontario the leading province of the Canadian Dominion
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
the leading province of the Canadian Dominion. It was formerly known as Upper Canada and West. It has a territory of 260,862 square miles, including waters. It extends from Hudson Bay to the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes and may be said in general to lie between the Ottawa River and Manitoba. A triangle at the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence belongs to the province of Quebec. Toronto is the capital. Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, is also situated in the province of Ontario. A glance at the map of Ontario shows that few sections of the world have a greater water frontage in proportion to area. In this respect it reminds the student of Greece. Over one-half of the province is still covered with forests. The northern and northwestern portion is a region of pine, spruce, and tamarack. The section bordering on Lake Erie and Ontario is a hardwood country. The oak, hickory, and other timbers for which Ohio and Michigan are noted grow to perfection. The evergreen forests are still the haunt of the trapper. The mink, otter, muskrat, fox, marten, weasel, and other fur-bearing animals are still numerous. There are still a few colonies of beavers. This section is also popular with hunters of the moose, caribou, and Virginia deer. Rabbits, partridges, wood grouse, and waterfowls are abundant. The fisheries of Ontario are important. Lake trout, whitefish, fresh water herring, pickerel, crappies, bass, and other game fish are taken to the value of a million and a half annually. Ontario is rich in minerals. Coal only is lacking. Quarries of building stone, chiefly granite and limestone, are practically inexhaustible. Iron, cobalt, copper, lead, plumbago, arsenic, antimony, and gypsum are found in working quantities. The deposits of cobalt are among the most important in the world. There are also veins of gold and silver on the northern shore of Lake Superior. The vicinity of Sudbury is one of the chief sources of the world's supply of nickel. The shoulder between Lake St. Claire and Lake Huron is one of the richest petroleum fields in America. It yields about 30,000,000 gallons a year. Seemingly inexhaustible brine wells on the east shores of Lake Huron rival those of Michigan. There are also gas fields near Niagara and Detroit from which these American cities are supplied. The annual mineral output of the province is reckoned at about $25,000,000, one-half of which is silver. Nickel is produced to the amount of $1,866,000 annually. The climate of the south or settled portion of the province is, of course, much like that of northern New York and of Michigan. Farming is the principal occupation of this section. Wheat, oats, barley, corn, potatoes, and even tobacco thrive. Stock raising is an important industry. Dairying and gardening predominate near the cities. Wool to the annual value of $6,000,000 is produced. Lumber, including sash, doors, firkins, barrels, and other wooden products, is the leading manufacture of the province. There are also cotton and woolen mills, tanneries, furniture factories, paper mills, and machine shops on an extensive scale. Locomotives and cars are made. The province is well supplied with timber and wood, but is obliged to import coal. In 1902 $85,000,000 was sent abroad for this article alone. Experiments in the use of peat have been carried on by the government. Southern Ontario is provided with a network of railways. The Canadian Pacific follows the valley of the Ottawa on its way from Montreal to the Pacific coast. This road has erected the largest wheat elevator in the world at Port Arthur on Lake Superior. The province was settled first by the French. Progress was retarded by frequent wars with the Iroquois, or Five Nations of New York. Ontario passed into the hands of the English in 1763. It was separated from the Province of Quebec in 1774. At the close of the American Revolution, a large body of Royalists, finding New York uncomfortable, migrated to Ontario. Their descendants are still staunch upholders of the British flag. They have no liking for the stars and stripes. The province is noted for an efficient public school system. There are common schools , high schools, and a university,--the latter at Toronto. There are twelve normal schools and fifty-five county schools for teachers. There are one hundred seventeen free libraries. In religious matters the province follows the example of the United States rather than of England. There is no state church. In numerical strength the leading denominations are Methodist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Church of England, and Baptist. The population in 1901 was reported at 2,167,978, an increase of little more than two per cent in ten years. The small increase may be attributed to the tariff laws of the United States, which shut out Ontario manufacturers, and to an extensive emigration partly to the United States, but particularly into British Columbia, Manitoba, and the provinces of the northwest. There are 21,000 Indians for whom eighty-one public schools are maintained. See Ottawa ; St. Lawrence; Huron ; Superior ; Sault Ste. Marie
Ontario a province of the Dominion of Canada (formerly called Upper Canada
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a province of the Dominion of Canada (formerly called Upper Canada, or Canada West); bounded on the W. by Manitoba, on the N. by Keewatin and James Bay; on the N. E. and E. by the province of Quebec, on the S. E. by the St. Lawrence, on the S. and S. W. by Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and Superior; area, 222,000 square miles; pop. (1917) (est.) 2,750,000; capital, Toronto, pop. (1919) 499,278. Ottawa, the Dominion capital, is situated in the E. part of the province. Other important cities are Hamilton and London. The chief lakes of the province are Simcoe, Nipissing, and Nipigon. The chief rivers are on the boundary, the Ottawa, the Albany, and the Niagara, the Falls lying partly in the province. The surface is generally low, no elevation exceeding 1,000 feet. The province is crossed by the Laurentian hills. The climate is healthful with extreme cold only in the N. part. The richest, most thickly settled, and most highly culti vated portion of the province is the peninsula between the St. Lawrence and Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron. A large part of the province is covered with timber, and this, with the water facilities, makes lumbering one of the chief industries. Minerals. Mining is the principal industry of the province, the minerals including silver, copper, iron, nickel, gypsum, marble, and salt. The province is rich in petroleum. Lambton county containing the largest oil-producing districts. In 1883 nickel was discovered at Sudbury, the deposits since proving to be the richest on the Continent. The total value of the mineral production in 1918 was $80,208,972. Of this the gold was valued at $8,502,480; silver, $17,- 415,882; nickel in worth, $26,578,200; marble (metallic), $1,262,116; copper, $8,262,360; natural gas, $2,498,769; cement, $1,910,839; salt, $1,287,039. Agriculture.-Farming is an important occupation and most of the soil is of excellent quality. The chief crops are hay and clover, Indian corn, wheat, barley, oats, peas, root crops, potatoes, and tobacco. The value of the crops in 1918 was $363,909,778. The value of farm buildings, land, livestock, etc., was $1,- 633,413,528. The butter production was valued at $13,126,470, and the cheese at $24,356,019. Stock raising, dairy farming, and bee culture are among the industries of the province. The value of
Ontario LAKE live stock sold or slaughtered in 1899 was $38,457,018
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LAKE live stock sold or slaughtered in 1899 was $38,457,018. The wool clip of the province in 1900 was 5,805,921 pounds. Fisheries. In 1918 the yield of the fisheries was valued at $3,175,104. The catch consists chiefly of trout, white fish, herring, and pickerel. Government. The provincial government is administered by a lieutenantgovernor appointed by the governor-general for five years, assisted by a responsible ministry. There is only one chamber, the Legislative Assembly which has 111 members. The government's policy is to encourage the development of provincial resources. Manufacturing. - Ontario is essentially a manufacturing province. Great industries are established and there is a succession of prosperous cities and towns from E to W. With the steady development of the water powers of the province, and the increased value of its resources, unlimited opportunities present themselves. In 1917 there were 14,581 es- Capital, $1,335,968,699. tablishments. Employes, 289,503. Wages, $229,191,- 908. Value of products, $1,533,738,655. Education. The school system of the province is free, attendance being com pulsory between the ages of 7 and 13; kindergartens, public schools, includes and high schools (or collegiate institutions). "Separate schools" (chiefly Roman Catholic) are recognized as part of the system. The educational grant made by the Government in 1919 was $3,807,- 509. At the head of the educational system stands the Toronto University. History. Ontario was first settled by the French. At the close of the American Revolution, many loyalists came to this region from the United States. In 1760 it passed into the hands of the British, who organized the province of Quebec in 1774 and in 1791 divided it into Upper and Lower Canada. These were reunited in 1841, and again separated when the Dominon of Canada was organized in 1867, the W. province becoming the province of Ontario. Several battles of the War of 1812 occurred in this region, including those of the Thames, of Lundy's Lane, etc. An unsuccessful rebellion occurred in 1837.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's in 1921 measured Lake Ontario at "172 miles in length" and about 5,400 square miles; the lake is now given as roughly 193 miles long and about 7,340 square miles, and its water level has been regulated since the 1950s. The biggest change is traffic: the fourth Welland Canal (completed 1932) and the St. Lawrence Seaway (opened 1959) turned this inland lake into a port of call for ocean-going ships, and Toronto, a provincial city of half a million when this was written, is now Canada's largest city with a metropolitan population above six million. Ontario the province has grown from under three million people in 1921 to more than fifteen million. Ecologically the lake is a different place too: heavy industrial and phosphate pollution peaked in the 1960s and 70s, prompting the Canada-United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1972, and invaders such as the zebra mussel, first found in the Great Lakes in the late 1980s, have remade its food web.
Written for this edition, 2026.