Orleans
Orleans names 8 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Orleans a city of France
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a city of France. It is situated on the bank of the Loire River. The name is derived from that of Aurelian. The town was known during the period of Roman occupancy as Aurelian's City. It is noted for manufactures of blankets, hosiery, woolen goods, and vinegar. There are exports of wine, grain, and timber. The city was a center of the Huguenots. A magnificent Gothic cathedral destroyed by them was afterward rebuilt by Henry IV. The interior is 485 feet long. The nave is 100 feet high. Orleans is a city of historical importance. It withstood a siege by Attila. The French under Joan of Arc relieved it from a besieging force of the English in 1429, gaining for her the name of the " Maid of Orleans ." In 1870 Orleans was taken by the Germans after severe fighting. The present population is about 67,000. A younger branch of the Bourbon family was known as the House of Orleans. The city has given its name to the Isle of Orleans in the St. Lawrence River, and to the American city of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi.
Orleans PHILIPPE, DUKE OF
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
PHILIPPE, DUKE OF, Regent of France, son of Philippe, Duke of Orleans, and the Princess Palatine Elizabeth; born in St. Cloud, France August, 1674. He fell early under influence of the clever and unscrupulous Abbé ( afterward Cardinal) Dubois. made his military debut at the siege of Mons (1691), and in 1693 distinguished himself at Neerwinden, but only to arouse the jealousy of Louis XIV., his uncle, who compelled him to retire from the army. In 1692 he married Mlle. de Blois, the legitimated daughter of Louis. In 1707 he was appointed to succeed the Duke of Berwick in Spain, and completed the subjugation of that country. He was recalled, however, being suspected of intriguing for the crown of Spain. On the death of the king (Sept. 1, 1715), he was appointed regent. He found the finances in extreme disorder, and his reckless introduction of a vast paper currency brought the nation to the verge of bankruptcy. He resigned the government to Louis XV. on Feb. 13, 1723, and died in Paris, in December of the same year.
Orleans a French royal family
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a French royal family, two house of which have occupied the throne of France. Henry III. (died 1589) was the last sovereign of this house, the Valois-Orleans branch. The house of Bourbon-Orleans is descended from Philip, Duke of Orleans, son of Louis XIII. and younger Louis XIV. His son shallow, incum- Orleans, was regent of France during the The mean an- minority of Louis XV. His grandson, Louis Philippe Joseph, who assumed the surname of Egalité, was beheaded in 1793. Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, afterward King of the French, was the son of Egalité. The grandson of Louis Philippe, the Comte de Paris, born 1838, The Orkneys and educated in England, next became were gradually the head of the royal house and royalist party of France. He died in England, Sept. 8, 1894; and the title passed to his son, Louis Philippe Robert, born in Twickenham, England, Feb. 6, 1869, and not permitted in France.
Orleans LOUIS PHILIPPE JOS- EPH, DUKE OF (Egalité)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LOUIS PHILIPPE JOS- EPH, DUKE OF (Egalité), a greatgrandson of the regent Philippe, Duke of Orleans; born in St. Cloud, France, April 13, 1747; married in 1769 the daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre. He was notorious for his dissoluteness of manners. His opposition to the court began in 1771, and he became the rallying point of its enemies. In 1787 he was exiled for the part he took in the Assembly of Notables; in 1789 he was one of the nobles who joined the Tiers Etat (Third Estate); in 1792 he went over brother of to the revolutionary party without re- Philip, Duke of serve, took the name of Philippe Egalité ("Philip Equality"), and voted for the death of Louis XVI. It did not save him from being arrested as a Bourbon, condemned and beheaded, in Paris, Nov. 6, 1793.
Orleans PHILIPPE, DUKE OF
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
PHILIPPE, DUKE OF, only brother of Louis XIV. of France, and founder of the house of Bourbon- Orleans, which for a short time held the throne of France; born Sept. 21, 1640. In his 21st year he married Henrietta of England, sister of Charles II. The great esteem which the king showed for this princess excited the jealousy of his brother, and her sudden death was attributed to poison, to the administration of which the duke was suspected of being accessory. His jealousy seems not to have been unfounded. The second marriage of the duke, with the Princess Elizabeth of the Palatinate (1671), was arranged by Louis to secure the neutrality of the Elector Palatine in the approaching war against Holland. In this war the duke distinguished himself in spite of his effeminacy. He died June 9, 1701.
Orleans LOUIS ALBERT PHIL- IPPE, Count of Paris
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LOUIS ALBERT PHIL- IPPE, Count of Paris; born in the Tuileries, Paris, France, Aug. 24, 1838; son of the Duke of Orleans; was educated at city of Claremont, England. In 1861 he and his brother, the Duke of Chartres, came to the United States and served with distinction on General McClellan's staff till , and other June, 1862. After the establishment of Confectionery, pot- the republic in France he lived in Paris, in are the staple till the expulsion bill of 1886 drove him Philip of Va- into exile to England. Among his publia duchy and cations, his " History of the Civil War in , and Orleans America " ( 1874-1889) is highly esteemof duke to a ed by historians and military critics. He died in London, England, Sept. 8, 1894.
Orleans BASTARD OF. See Du- NOIS
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BASTARD OF. See Du- NOIS, JEAN. proprietors are ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASthe islanders TON, DUKE OF, third son of Henry IV. Scandinavian and of France, and Mary Medici; born April ) estimated, 25, 1608. By his first marriage, with War ( 1914- Mary of Bourbon, heiress of the house of Fleet made Montpensier, he had a daughter, author its base for of some interesting memoirs. During the surrendered the disturbances of the Fronde he joined De Retz, the soul of the Fronde, who, however, soon saw through the character of his fickle and feeble confederate. After the termination of the troubles (1648) the duke was banished to Blois. He died Feb. 2, 1660.
Orleans LOUIS PHILIPPE ROB- ERT, DUKE OF
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LOUIS PHILIPPE ROB- ERT, DUKE OF, born in Twickenham, England, Feb. 6, 1869; son of the Count of Paris, and heir to the French throne; was educated in France, but banished with the other princes in 1886. In 1890 he returned and demanded the right of enlisting in the army, but was again imprisoned and banished. On the death of his father, in 1894, he became the head of the royal house.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Of the eight Orleans entries here, the city has changed most: Aiton's 1910 figure of "about 67,000" has roughly doubled to some 116,000 in the commune today, and the medieval centre Aiton described was largely burned out by German bombing in June 1940 and Allied raids in 1944, then rebuilt around the surviving Gothic cathedral of Sainte-Croix. Joan of Arc, whose relief of the siege in 1429 the page recounts, was canonised in 1920, just before Collier's went to press; Orleans still keeps her feast every 8 May. The dynastic entries have quietly kept going: Louis Philippe Robert, whom Collier's notes was "not permitted in France", died in exile in 1926, but the law banishing pretenders was repealed in 1950, and the Orleanist claim now rests with Jean, Count of Paris, born 1965 and living openly in France, though a rival Bourbon line disputes it. The lesser names have faded unevenly: the Count of Paris's "History of the Civil War in America" is now a curiosity rather than a standard work, while historians have grown markedly kinder to the Regent Philippe, whose "reckless" paper money was really John Law's scheme.
Written for this edition, 2026.