Paine
Paine names 6 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Paine pan, Thomas (1737-1809)
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
pan, Thomas (1737-1809), the author of The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason. He was the son of a Quaker staymaker of Norfolk, England. He learned his father's trade, but tried his hand at various callings, including service as a marine, a collector of excise, a teacher of English, a Methodist preacher, and a debater of local political problems. He was a man of extreme views and vigorous expression, a strenuous advocate of the rights of the common people. "Where liberty is not, there is my country," said he. At the age of thirty-six, he crossed the Atlantic with the avowed purpose of stirring up the Americans to resist the tyrannical government of the mother country. He carried a letter of introduction to Benjamin Franklin. During the early stages of the Revolution, when the colonists had become discouraged, he issued a pamphlet called Common Sense. It appeared January 1, 1776, and is admitted by well informed writers to have been a turning point in the history of the struggle. Such was his zeal for the American cause that he served in Washington's army as a private soldier, and wrote political tracts by the flickering light of the campfire. In 1777 he was made secretary of the congressional committee on foreign affairs. He began immediately the publication of a series of appeals called The Crisis. In the first number appeared the memorable words, "These are the times that try men's souls." At the close of the Revolution, he received $3,000 from Congress and a grant of 300 acres of land in the state of New York by way of reward for his services. When peace was restored America was too quiet for Paine. He sailed for Europe. At the outbreak of the French Revolution we find him occupying a seat in the national convention as representative of Calais. He voted against the execution of Louis XVI , favoring instead imprisonment for life or banishment to the United States . In this way he lost popularity with the members of the Jacobin club; and, although he had been naturalized as a French citizen, he was turned out of his seat on the score that he was a foreigner. Imprisonment followed. About this time he published his famous Age of Reason, an examination of the superstitions and theologies of the century. It reflected severely on many points of Christian belief and practice. It was, as may be imagined, severely censured by the clergy of the day. He was attacked as ignorant and atheistical. The work created a bitterness of feeling scarce possible at the present day. It alienated most of Paine's American friends. He returned to America in 1802. Washington, formerly an admirer, refused him an audience. Thomas Jefferson, however, walked the streets of the capital city with him arm in arm, "the Two Toms." At his death Paine was buried on his own farm. His remains were removed to England in 1819 by William Cobbett. Paine was a man of versatile but of one-sided, partisan mind. In designing a bridge for the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, he insisted on the patriotic number of thirteen ribs. On the occasion of Washington's farewell address, Paine wrote these words in reply: And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship, and a hypocrite in private life, the world will be puzzled to decide whether you are an apostate or an impostor; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any."
Paine THOMAS, an American political writer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
THOMAS, an American political writer; born in England, in 1737. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he, in 1774, emigrated to the United States; became editor of the "Pennsylvania Magazine," and gave an impulse to the Revolution by his famous pamphlet called "Common Sense," in which he advocated the policy of separation and independence. He went to Paris in 1789, and published, in 1791, his "Rights of Man," in reply to Burke's speech on the French Revolution. In September, 1792, he was elected a member of the French National Convention, acted with the Girondists, narrowly escaped death in the Reign of Terror, and brought out, in 1795, his celebrated deistical work entitled, "The Age of Reason." He returned to the United States in 1802, and died in New York, June 8, 1809. PAINLEVÉ, PAUL, French statesman, born in Paris, 1863; educated in the Ecole Normale Supérieure, where he especially distinguished himself in mathematics. After graduating, in 1886, he was sent by the Government on a confidential mission to Germany. On his return, the following year, he taught mechanics in the University of Lille, where he remained until 1892. During the latter part of this period, and later, he lectured at the Sorbonne, a distinction accorded only to men of the highest degree of learning. In 1895 he began teaching mathematics at the Ecole Normale, and in 1903 he became Professor of mathematics at the University of Paris. In 1900 he was elected a member THOMAS PAINE of the Institute. In 1915 he was appointed Minister of Public Instruction and Inventions Connected with National Defense, and in 1917 he assumed the post of War Minister.
Paine ALBERT BIGELOW
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ALBERT BIGELOW. An American author. Born at New Bedford, Mass., in 1861. He became in 1899 the editor of a department in the "St. Nicholas Magazine," a position which he held for ten years. He is the author of numerous works, but perhaps is best known by his "Biography of Mark Twain," published in 1912. Later he wrote "The Boy's Life of Mark Twain" (1916) and "Mark Twain's Letters" (1917). He was a life-long friend of Twain, who appointed Paine his literary executor. The more important of his other works are "The Autobiography of a Monkey" (1897); "The Commuters" (1904); "Thomas Nast-His Period and His Pictures" (1904).
Paine JOHN KNOWLES, an American organist and composer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOHN KNOWLES, an American organist and composer; born in Portland, Me., Jan. 9, 1839; was Professor of Music from 1874 at Harvard College. His compositions are chiefly piano pieces, with a mass in D, an oratorio, "St. Peter," the "Edipus Tyrannus" (incidental music for Sophocles' tragedy), the opera "Azara," Columbus march and hymn for the World's Columbian Exposition (1892), etc. He died April 25, 1906.
Paine RALPH DELAHAYE, an American writer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
RALPH DELAHAYE, an American writer, born at Lemont, Ill., in 1871. Graduated from Yale in 1894 and at once engaged in newspaper work, acting as correspondent during the Spanish-American War and in China during the Boxer uprising. He wrote many books, chiefly for boys, and was a contributor to periodicals and magazines.
Paine ROBERT TREAT, an American jurist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ROBERT TREAT, an American jurist, signer of the Declaration of Independence; born in Boston, Mass., March 11, 1731; was a delegate to provincial and continental congresses, and held offices of attorney-general of Massachusetts and judge of Supreme Court; was an able judge. He died in Boston, May 11, 1814.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Aiton's 1910 note that Washington "refused him an audience" on his return in 1802 cannot be right, since Washington had died in 1799; the breach was in fact an exchange of letters and print, and Jefferson's welcome is well attested. Aiton's closing verdict on a "one-sided, partisan mind" also reads oddly now: Paine has been thoroughly rehabilitated as a founding figure, his deism (he attacked atheism as firmly as he attacked churches) distinguished from the "atheistical" charge of his own day, and "Common Sense" reckoned among the best-selling American pamphlets ever printed. The remains Cobbett carried to England in 1819 were never reinterred; they were dispersed after his death and Paine has no grave. Albert Bigelow Paine, alive when Collier's wrote in 1921, died in 1937; his authorized Mark Twain biography and edited "Letters" are now read with caution, since Twain's own unexpurgated autobiography was finally published in full between 2010 and 2015.
Written for this edition, 2026.