Paul
Paul names 4 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Paul the name of five Popes
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of five Popes, as follows: PAUL I., Pope; the successor of Stephen, in 757. He engaged_in dispute with Desiderius, King of the Longobards, but was taken under the protection of Pepin, King of the Franks. He died in 767. PAUL II., Pope; succeeded Pius II. in 1464. He sought to organize a league of the Christian princes against the Turks, who at the time threatened to invade Italy, and also endeavored to establish peace among the different Italian States. He had a great dislike to profane learning, but he established the first Roman printing press (1463). He died in 1471. PAUL III., Pope; named Alexander Farnese; was elected to the papal chair in succession to Clement VII. in 1534. In his reign the Council of Trent was called. He established the Inquisition, confirmed the Society of Jesuits, condemned the interim of Charles V., and aeted with rigor against Henry VIII. of England. Died in 1549. PAUL IV., Pope; Giovanni Pietro Caraffa; born in Naples, in 1476; succeeded Marcellus II., in 1555. He established a censorship, and completed the organization of the Roman Inquisition; he took measures for the alleviation of the burdens of the poorer classes, and for the better administration of justice. He was embroiled with the Emperor Ferdinand, with Philip II. of Spain, with Cosmo, Grand-Duke of Tuscany. He died in 1559. PAUL V., Pope; Camillo Borghese, born in Rome, in 1552; was elected in 1605, after the death of Leo XI. He had a dispute with the senate of Venice, but it was so firmly resisted that the Pope excommunicated the doge and senate. He also raised forces against the republic; but the emperor and other states interfered and peace was restored (1607). He embellished Rome with sculpture and painting, and an aqueduct. He was the founder of the Borghese family, one of the wealthiest in Italy. He died in 1621. PAUL I., Emperor of Russia; born in 1754. He was the only son of Peter III. and his wife, Catharine II. He lost his father when eight years old, and was brought up by his mother with great severity and in seclusion from public affairs. His marriage to the Princess Mary of Württemberg, in 1776, did not free him from harsh treatment till, t on the death of Catharine. in 1796, he was proclaimed emperor. The hopes excited by some liberal measures in the first days of his reign were soon extinguished. He joined the second coalition against France; and Russian armies appeared in Italy under Suwarrof, in Switzerland, and in Holland. But he afterward withdrew from it, and entered into friendly relations with Napoleon. His conduct became intolerable, and seemed, in fact, that of a madman. At length a conspiracy was formed against him, with Count Pahlen at its head; and he was murdered in his bedroom, March 24, 1801.
Paul ST. VINCENT DE, a Roman Catholic philanthropist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST. VINCENT DE, a Roman Catholic philanthropist; born of poor parents in southern France in 1576; was educated at Dax and Toulouse; ordained a priest in 1600; in 1605 he was captured by pirates; remained in slavery in Tunis for two years, and finally escaped to France. He afterward visited Rome, from whence he was sent on a mission to Paris, where he became almoner to Queen Margaret of Valois. In 1616 he began the labors which occupied so large a portion of his life, and which included the foundation of the institution called the "Priests of the Mission or Lazarists," the reformation of the hospitals, the institution of the Sisterhood of Charity, the instruction of idiots at his Priory of St. Lazare, etc. Among the last acts of his life was the foundation of an asylum for aged working people of both sexes, and a hospital for all the poor of Paris, which was opened in 1657. He was canonized in 1737. He died in 1660.
Paul ST., one of the apostles of Jesus Christ
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., one of the apostles of Jesus Christ; originally called Saul; a Hebrew of the tribe of Benjamin, and a native of Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, and was born at the beginning of the Christian era. His father was a Pharisee of the most rigid cast, and Paul himself, up to the time of his conversion, was a most bitter and intolerant persecutor of the Christian sect; even assisting at the martyrdom of St. Stephen. The mode of his conversion is fully detailed in the New Testament. After his conversion, he was baptized at Damascus by Ananias; from whence, after a brief sojourn, rn, he proceeded to Arabia, where he is supposed to have been fully instructed in the duties and doctrines of the new faith by special revelation. He was martyred about A. D. 66.
Paul ST., EPISTLES OF
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., EPISTLES OF. There are 14 epistles in the New Testament usually ascribed to Paul, beginning with that to the Romans and ending with that to the Hebrews. Of these the first 13 have never been contested; as to the latter many good men have doubted whether Paul was the author, though the current of criticism is in favor of this opinion. These epistles, in which the principles of Christianity are developed for all periods, characters, and circumstances, are among the most important of the primitive documents of the Christian religion, even apart from their inspired character.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Collier's wrote this in 1921 it could count five Popes named Paul; there have since been a sixth, Paul VI, elected in 1963, who closed the Second Vatican Council in 1965, and two popes who combined the name, John Paul I and John Paul II (1978). The account's claim that the first 13 epistles "have never been contested" no longer reflects scholarly consensus: most New Testament scholars now treat only seven — Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philemon — as certainly written by Paul, regard the Pastorals as later, and reject Pauline authorship of Hebrews outright rather than leaning toward it. Excavation beneath the basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls uncovered the sarcophagus traditionally identified as the apostle's, and in 2009 Benedict XVI announced that bone fragments from it had been radiocarbon-dated to the first or second century. The notices on Paul I of Russia, murdered in 1801, and on Vincent de Paul stand essentially as written.
Written for this edition, 2026.