Pius
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Pius. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of a number of Popes, as follows: PIUS I., succeeded Hyginus in 142, and died in 157. PIUS II. Piccolomini); born in Tuscany in 140 (Æneas Sylvani 1405 , of an ancient and illustrious family. In 1431 he assisted at the Council of Basel as secretary; was afterward secretary to the anti - Pope Felix V., and then to the Emperor Frederick III. Eugenius IV. chose him for apostolic secretary, Nichas nuncio to Bohemia, Moravia and Siolas V. made him a bishop, and sent him lesia and Calixtus III. created him cardinal. Pius had by this time become a zealous supporter of the power of the makinger machinery, leoveralls Pope. He was one men of his time and distinguished himself by moderation and a conciliatory spirit. He was chosen to succeed Calixtus III. in 1458, and in the following year assembled a congress at Mantua for the purpose of arranging a crusade against the Turks. He soon after published a bull against appeals to a council, which occasioned some dispute with Louis XI. In 1463, by another bull, he retracted his former sentiments respecting the Council of Basel, condemning his defense of it. Among the writings of Pius II. are a "History of the Council of Basel"; "History of Frederick III."; "History of Bohemia"; "Cosmographia," etc. He died in Ancona, August, 1464. PIUS III. (Francesco Piccolomini), nephew of the preceding pontiff. He was elected Pope in 1503, but died in less than a month afterward. PIUS IV. (Cardinal de Medici); born in Milan, in 1499. He rose by merit to several high employments, and, in 1549, obtained the cardinalship, and, on the death of Paul IV., in 1559, was elected Pope. He confirmed the decrees of the Council of Trent, after the closing of that assembly in 1564. In the following year a conspiracy was formed against his life by Benedict Accolti and others, who were executed. This Pope was not of the celebrated Medici family of Florence. He died in 1565. PIUS V. (Michele Ghislieri); born in Redmont in 1504, and early entered the Dominican order. He so distinguished himself by his austere life, and his zeal against heretics, that he was appointed inquisitor in Lombardy, and afterward inquisitor-general. He was created cardinal in 1557, and was chosen to succeed Pius IV. in 1566. He set himself to effect reforms, both in morals and discipline, excited terror in Italy by the seizure, imprisonment, and burning of those convicted or suspected of heresy, expelled the Jews from the States of the Church, excepting only the cities of Rome and Ancona. The great victory over the Turks at Lepanto was the result in good part of the efforts of Pius V. Died 1572. PIUS VI. (Giovanni Angelo Braschi); born in Cesena, in 1717, and succeeded Clement XIV. in 1775. His first act was to make a reform in the public treasury; he then completed the museum in the Vatican; but the greatest work of his pontificate was the draining of the Pontine marshes. When the Emperor Joseph II. decreed that all the religious orders in his dominions were free from papal jurisdiction, Pius went in person to Vienna in 1782, but his remonstrances were ineffectual. The French Revolution, however, was of more serious consequence to the Papal See. The Pope having favored the allies, Bonaparte entered the ecclesiastical territory, and compelled him to purchase purchase a peace by a contribution of several millions, and delivering up the finest works of painting and sculpture. Basserville was then sent as envoy from the republic to Rome, where he behaved with so much inso lence, that the people assassinated him in 1793. General Duphot entered the city with his troops to restore order, but the papal soldiers routed them, and Duphot was slain. On this Bonaparte again entered Italy, and made the Pope prisoner in the capitol, which was plundered. The venerable erable pontiff was carried away by the victors, and hurried over the Alps to Valence, where he died Aug. 29, 1799. PIUS VII. (Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti); born in Cesena, in 1742; became a Benedictine monk; was created cardinal in 1785, and after the death of Pius VI. was chosen to succeed him, March, 1800. In 1804 the Pope went to Paris and crowned Napoleon emperor, returning to Rome in May, 1805. Soon after Ancona was seized by the French, and the great quarrel between Napoleon and the Pope began. The occupation of the castle of San Angelo in 1808 was followed by the annexation of the States of the Church to the French empire. Pius was arrested by the French officer Miollis and sent to Savona, and afterward to Fontainebleau, whence he was not permitted to return to Italy till January, 1814. The Congress of Vienna restored the States of the Church to the Pope, who applied himself thenceforth to internal reforms. He, however, reestablished the Jesuits and the inquisition. The character of Pius VII. was such as to win him the esteem and sympathy of men of all Churches and sects. He died Aug. 20, 1823. PIUS VIII. (Cardinal Castiglione), became Pope in succession to Leo XII., in 1829. After a short pontificate of one year, he died in 1830. PIUS IX. (Giovanni Mario Mastai Ferretti); born in Sinigaglia, May 13, 1792; was intended for the army, but resolved to devote himself to the Church. For several years attended to pastoral duties and was nominated by Pius VII. on a mission to the government of Chile. On his return to Rome he was appointed by Leo XII. to one of the most important of the ecclesiastico-civil departments of administration. In 1836 he was sent as apostolic nuncio to Naples, while the cholera was raging there, and his name is still revered by the poorer inhabitants of that city, in gratitude for his disinterested efforts to alleviate their sufferings. In 1840 he was created Cardinal- Archbishop of Imola, in the Romagna, where much political disaffection existed; He ruled this diocese with so much zeal and self-denial, and displayed such libergained ality of sentiment, that he soon the affections of the people, and restored peace and tranquility to the district. Pope Gregory XVI. died June 1, 1846. and Cardinal Ferretti was elected to the papacy under the name of Pius IX., June 16. The new Pope at first acquired much popularity by favoring the hopes and wishes of the people for the reform of the abuses of the government. But the French Revolution of 1848 gave a much more powerful impulse to the enthusiasm, not only of the Italian patriots, but of the friends of liberal institutions all over Europe. These sweeping changes the Pope was not prepared to support, and from that moment his popularity began to decline. The popular disaffection was greatly increased on his taking for his minister Count Rossi, one of the most aristocratic and unpopular men in Rome. Count Rossi was assassinated Nov. 15, and Pius himself, a few days later, escaped from Rome in disguise, and arrived safely in Gaëta in the Neapolitan territory. He sent to Rome an ordonnance, 1 ov. 27, declaring void all the acts of the government, which he superseded by a state commission. This document the Roman chambers treated with contempt, appointed a provisional government, and set about improving the victory they had achieved. The Pope remained nearly a year and a half at Gaëta and Portici, an object of sympathy as the head of the Roman Catholic Church. During his absence, Rome, which was in the possession of the native troops under Garibaldi, was besieged, and at last taken by storm by the French army under General Oudinot. The Pope left Portici, April 4, 1850, escorted by Neapolitan and French dragoons, accompanied by the king of Naples, and re - entered Rome April 12, amid the thunder of French cannon. His chief ecclesiastical acts are the formal definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, in De December, 1854; the famous encyclical of December, 1844, which was provoked by the Franco-Italian convention, providing for the withdrawal of the French troops from Rome-an act which was, however, practically annulled by the return of the French forces in 1867, in consequence of an attempt at invasion by Garibaldi; and the bull summoning the Ecumenical Council of 1869-1870, which promulgated the doctrine of papal infallibility. In September, 1870, the French troops were withdrawn from Rome, and in October the States of the Church were annexed to the kingdom of Italy, thus ending the temporal power of the Popes. He died Feb. 7, 1878. PIUS X. Cardinal Giussepe Sarto, Patriarch of Venice, was chosen by the Papal Conclave to succeed Leo XIII., Aug. 4, 1903. The election was universally approved, and on Aug. 9, the Patriarch was crowned at St. Peter's assuming the title Pius X. He was born in Italy in 1835, of peasant family. Priest, 1858; bishop, 1866; cardinal, 1893. In 1907 in his encyclical he inveighed against " modernism. " He raised a great sum of money for the victims of the POPE PIUS X. earthquake in that year. In 1910 he issued a decree debarring the clergy from engaging in the administration of social organizations. He died in 1914.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
pi'us, the name of ten popes. PIUS IX lived 1792-1878. He succeeded Gregory XVI in 1846. At this date the pope ruled a limited territory in Italy. His first measure was the liberation of 2,000 political prisoners, a step hailed by liberal people everywhere with joy. He was a man of progressive spirit, but later came under the influence of conservative cardinals who prevented him from carrying out his original ideas. He lost favor with the Roman patriots. His territory was held for him by French troops. In 1870, when these were withdrawn, Victor Emmanuel took possession of Rome. Pius retired to the Vatican, never going outside of his gardens, declaring that he was a prisoner in his own house. The most important ecclesiastical event of his pontificate was the enunciation of the doctrine of infallibility. This famous doctrine was promulgated by a general council held at the Vatican in 1870. The following quotation gives the gist of the doctrine: The church can neither deceive nor be deceived in matters of faith and morals. . . . The Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex-cathedra, that is to say, when, in the exercise of his office of pastor and teacher of all Christians, he, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, defines that a doctrine on faith and morals is to be held by the whole church, by the assistance of God promised to him in the person of blessed Peter, has that infallibility with which it was the will of our Divine Redeemer that His church should be furnished in defining a doctrine on faith or morals, and that therefore these definitions of the Roman Pontiff, of themselves and not through the consent of the church, are irreformable. The promulgation of this doctrine offended a small percentage of what are known as Old Catholics , chiefly in France and Germany. They form a small sect holding to the doctrines of the church in general, but opposed to the doctrine of infallibility. Pius served thirty-two years--longer than any other pope.