Pope (Bishop of the Christian Church)

Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)

a bishop of the Christian Church; specifically, the Bishop of Rome. The term Papa, or Papas (father), has always been given by the Greek Church to presbyters, like the term Father now applied to a Roman priest. In the early centuries the bishops received the same title till, in a council held at Rome in 1076, at the instance of Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), it was limited to the Bishop of Rome. Holding that office, being also Metropolitan of Rome and primate, and claiming to be the earthly head of the Church universal, it is in the last named capacity that the term Pope is held to be specia specially applicable. It has been a matter of controversy among Roman Catholics whether the authority of the Pope was above or below that of the General Council. That of Pisa (1409), claiming to be a General Council, deposed two rival Popes, and appointed a third; but the two former repudiated the authority of the council, and exerscised their functions as before. The Council of Constance (1414-1418) also deposed two rival Popes and elected one. In 751 Pope Zachary being consulted as to the right of the warlike French to depose their incompetent king, Childeric, 1 and raise Pepin, the able mayor of the palace, to the sovereignty, sanctioned the proceeding. Pepin, in return, became his friend, and handed over to the Church the Exarchate and the Pentapolis. Charlemagne, in 774, confirmed and enlarged the gift. In 1076 or 1077 the Princess Matilda, daughter of Boniface, Duke of Tuscany, made the Holy See heir to her extensive possessions. Thus arose "the States of the Church" which figured on the map of Europe as an independent sovereignty till Sept. 20, 1870, when the troops of Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, entered Rome, er, and nominally in the interests of order, took possession of the palace for the Italian kingdom. On July 2 and 3, 1871, the seat of government was removed thither. It still continues the metropolis. No interference took place with the Pope's purely spiritual authority, but much with his temporal possessions and revenues. A Papal Election. - When the death of the reigning Pope is imminent the Dean of the College of Cardinals summons his colleagues to the residence of the dying pontiff. Prayers Prayers are ordered in all the Roman churches. Immediately after the death of the Pope the cardinal camerlingo knocks thrice on the door of the bed chamber where the body lies. Getting no answer, he enters and with a silver mallet taps thrice on the forehead of the dead man, calling him three times by name. The announcement of the Pope's death is then publicly made and the cardinal camerlingo takes an inventory of the property in the palace and seals up the dead pontiff's papers. Nine days is the official period of mourning. On the ninth day the remains, which have been lying in state in St. Peter's, are accorded a magnificent public funeral and are placed in the temporary receiving tomb, there to remain till the next Pope dies, when they are interred in the crypt of St. Peter's. Then for the conclave which new Pope. The cardinals from all e, gather in the palace the quarters secrecy, are isolated, every door other aperture, being attending the mass of the cardinals march in did procession to the chapel at the ringing of a cardinals are ejected. doors are locked on the that time on the conclave sible connection with the Two dumb waiters in which the cardinals is delivered of communication means o'clock of the second mo dinals proceed to the the conclave is to be held and the balloting begins dinals are chosen to count three to collect the ballots sickness detains in their upper part of the ballot writes his own name, below of his candidate, and at verse of Scripture. The folded and sealed, so that of the candidate voted for There are three methods recognized by inspiration mise, and by election. all the cardinals, as if spirit, proclaim one unanimously and viva voce is when a committee decide on a compromise candidates. The third is when balloting is candidate is successful. sary that a cardinal or ber of the priesthood be In fact, at least two ( 1024) and Adrian V. ( elected Pope. Two ballots taken till one candidate thirds of all the votes. cessiul candidate is pontifical robes, and the performs the first act of new sovereign. Then down the wall which has of the balcony windows dean announces the election ing multitude. Then public ceremonies, and pressive and and splendid of tion of the new Pope. signia are the tiara or straight crosier, and the Pope should be addressed ness." The following is a table according to the Roman "Notizie," with all is ready the dates of the commencement of their meets to elect a pontificates. The names printed in italics are those of anti-Popes: over the world and to preserve , Severinus St. Peter.....A. D. 42 St. Linus......... John IV. occupied by them Theodorus I...... 642 St. Anacletus St. Clement I.::: , window, and St. Martin I...... 649 91 St. Eugenius I.... 654 St. Evaristus walled up. After 100 St. Alexander I... 108 St. Vitalianus 657 the Holy Ghost, 672 105, St. Sixtus I.. Adeotatus 119 St. Telesphorus solemn and splen- Donus or Domnus 127 St. Hyginus 676 , from which I. 139 St. Agathon 678 St. Pius I... 142 bell all but the St. Leo II. 682 St. Anicetus 157 St. Soterus Then the great St. Benedict II... 684 168 John V. St. Eleutherius outside and from 685 177 Conon- Theodo- St. Victor I.. 193 has no osten- St. Zephirinus rus; Paschal... 686 202 St. Callixtus I.... 217 outside world. St. Sergius I..... 687 701 John VI.. the food for St. Urban I..... 223 John VII. 705 St. Pontianus 230 are the only St. Anterus Sisinnius 708 235 . About 10 St. Fabian .. 708 Constantine 236 St. Gregory II.... 715 morning the car- St. Cornelius 250 St. Gregory III.. 731 St. Lucius I.-No- Sistine Chapel, if St. Zachary 741 252 vatianus Stephen II (died St. Stephen I..... 253 in the Vatican, before consecra- St. Sixtus II..... 257 . Three car- 752 tion) St. Dionysius 259 the ballots and Stephen III...... 752 St. Felix I.... 269 St. Eutychianus of those whom St. Paul I. Con- 275 stantine: Theocells. On the St. Caius 283 phylactus; Philip 757 St. Marcellinus 296 (See vacant 3 years each cardinal .. Stephen IV. 768 it the name 772 Adrian I... and 6 months.) St. Leo III.. St. Marccllus I... 308 the bottom some 795 Stephen V... 816 St. Eusebius 310 ballots are then St. Paschal I. 817 St. Melchiades or onl only the name Eugenius II.. 824 311 Miltiades St. Sylvester I.... 314 Valentinus 827 is in sight. Gregory IV 827 St. Marcus 336 : St. Julius I...... 337 of election Sergius II.. 844 Leo IV... 847 Liberius , by compro- 352 Benedict III.-An- St. Felix II. (some- The first is when 855 times reckoned an astasius moved by one St. Nicholas I... 858 355 Anti-pope) St. Damasus I.::: 366 Adrian II. 867 candidate as Pope St. Siricius John VIII.. 872 384 St. Anastasius I.:: 398 . The second Marinus I., or St. Innocent I.... 402 is appointed to Martin II..... 882. 884 St. Zosimus between rival Adrian III. 417 St. Boniface I.- 885 Stephen VI. and usual method 891 Formosus 418 Eulalius continued till some St. Celestine I... 422 Boniface VI.... 896 Stephen VII..... 896 St. Sixtus III.... 432 It is not neces- Romanus 897. St. Leo I. the Great 440 even a mem- St. Hilary Theodorus II. 461 -Sergius III.. 898 chosen as Pope. St. Simplicius 468 John IX.... 898 St. Felix III.. 483 laymen, John XIX. Benedict IV.. St. Gelasius I.... 492 900 St. Anastasius II.. 496 1276) have been Leo V..... 903 Christopher St. Symmachus 903 a day are 498 Sergius III.. 904 Hormisdas- St. receives two- Anastasius III... 911 514 Lawrence St. John I.. Then the suc- 913 Lando 523 St. Felix IV.. John X.... 914 adorned with the 526 Leo VI... Boniface II. Dios- 928 Sacred College Stephen VIII..... 929 530 corus homage to the John II. John XI.... 931 533 St. Agapetus I.... 535 the masons tear Leo VII.... 936 St. Sylverius Stephen IX. 536 939 stopped up one .... Marinus II., Vigilius 537 or Pelagius I.... and the cardinal Martin III..... 943 555 Agapetus II...... 946 John III. to the wait- 560 Benedict (I.) Bo John XII.-Leo follows various 956 VIII 574 Pelagius nosusi II. finally - most im- Benedict V. 964 578 St. Gregory I. the all the corona- John XIII.. 965 Benedict VI...... 972 590 Great Sabinianus The papal in- Donus or Domnus 604 Boniface III. triple crown, the 973 II. 607 20 608 Benedict VII.... 974 St. Boniface IV... pallium. The John XIV. Boni- St. Deusdedit 615 as " Your holi- Boniface V. 983 face VII... 619 John XV. Honorius I. 625 985 Gregory V.-John (See vacant 1 year of the Popes, and 7 months.) 996 XVI. Sylvester II...... 999 Boniface VIII John XVI. or Benedict XI. Clement V ....... John XVII. (Seat of the Paor ...1003 pacy removed to Sergius IV.. Avignon) (See vacant 2 years Benedict VIII.- Gregory VI....1012 and 3 months.) John XVIII. or John XXII. XIX. Benedict XII.- ....1024 Benedict IX. (de- Nicholas V. at posed) - John Rome Clement VI ...... 1033 xx. Gregory VI. Syl- Innocent VI. vester III. ....1045 Urban V. Clement VII.... 1362 Clement II. 1046 Damasus II. Gregory X I. Benedict IX. at- (throne restored tempts to resume to Rome)......1370 Urban VI .... the throne....1048 St. Leo IX.. 1049 Boniface IX. 1055 Victor II.. Benedict XIII. Stephen X.. 1057 at Avignon....1389 Innocent VII ... Benedict X. 1058 Nicholas II. 1058 Gregory XII ... Alexander II.-Ho- Alexander V.. norius II......1061 John XXIII ...... Gregory VII. (Hil- Martin V.-Clemdebrand) Eugenius IF IV. - Clement III....1073 (See vacant 1 year.) lix V..... Victor III... 1086 Nicholas V .. Urban II. 1088 Callixtus III. Paschal II. 1099 Pius II... Gelasius II. Greg- Paul II... ory VIII.. Sixtus IV. 1118 Callixtus II... 1119 Innocent VIII Honorius II.-Ce- Alexander VI ..... lestine II... 1124 Pius III.. Innocent II.-An- Julius II.. acletus II.; Vic- Leo X... tor IV..... 1130 Adrian VI. Celestinus II.....1143 Clement VII.. Lucius II.... 1144 Paul III.. Eugenius III. .1145 Julius III.. Anastasius IV.... 1153 Marcellus II. Adrian IV. (Nich- Paul IV.. olas Breakspear, Pius IV... an Englishman) 1154 St. Pius V.. Alexander III.- Gregory XIII.. Victor V.: Pas- Sixtus V... Urban VII... chal III.; Callix- Gregory XIV.. tus III.; Innocent III.......1159 Innocent IX.. Lucius III. 1181 Clement VIII. Urban III.......1185 Leo XI...... Gregory VIII.....1187 Paul V..... Clement III. Gregory XV.. .1187 Celestinus III...1191 Urban VIII... Innocent III. .1198 Innocent X.... Honorius III.... 1216 Alexander VII. Gregory IX.....1227 Clement IX.. Celestinus IV... 1241 Clement X.. (See vacant ly. 7m.) Innocent XI. Innocent IV.. 1243 Alexander VIII Alexander IV.....1254 Innocent XII ... Urban IV.. 1261 Clement XI. Clement IV......1265 Innocent XIII. (See vacant 2 years Benedict XIII. and 9 months.) Clement XII .. Gregory X.. .1271 Benedict XIV Innocent V... .1276 Clement XIII. Adrian V.. Clement XIV. ...1276 John XIX. or XX. Pius VI... or XXI.. Pius VII.. .1276 Nicholas III. 1277 Leo XII... Martin IV... Pius VIII. .1281 Honorius IV... Gregory XVI ..... 1285 Nicholas IV.. Pius IX.. .1288 Leo XIII ... (See vacant 2 years and 3 months.) Pius X ..... St. Celestinus V... 1294 Benedict XV ..... Pius XI....1922