Pulley
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
in mechanics, one of the six simple machines or mechanical powers. It consists of a small circular plate or wheel which can turn round an axis passing through the centers of its faces, and having its ends supported by a framework which is called the block. The circular plate has a groove cut in its edge to prevent a string from slipping pulley. off when it is put round the pull With a single fixed pulley (that is one in which the block in which the pulley turns is fixed), there is neither gain nor loss of power; for, as the tension in every part of the cord is the same, if a weight be suspended at one extremity, per cent. over the amount contained in an equal weight must be applied at the pure air. A valve mechanism causes alother to maintain equilibrium. Hence, ternate pressure and suction to be apthe effect of a fixed pulley is simply to change the direction of a force. By means of movable pulleys one can gain mechanical advantage, greater or less, according to the number and mode of combination of the pulleys. Fast pulley, a pulley firmly attached to the shaft from which it receives or to which it communicates motion. Loose pulley, a pulley running free on the shaft, to receive the belt and allow it still to traverse without being affected by, or affecting the motion of, the shafting. Sliding pulley, a kind of coupling in which the band-pulley is slipped into or out of engagement with an arm freely attached to the shaft and rotating therewith.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
The mechanics Collier's set out in 1921 are exactly as taught today: a fixed pulley only changes the direction of a force, while movable pulleys multiply it, and block-and-tackle rigs still lift loads on cranes, sailing boats and lift cars. What has vanished is the factory world the entry assumes. The "fast pulley" and "loose pulley" belong to line-shafting, where one steam engine or motor drove a ceiling shaft and every machine took power from it by a flat leather belt shifted between a tight and an idle wheel; through the 1920s and 1930s that layout was scrapped in favour of a separate electric motor on each machine, and the terms are now heard mainly from restorers of old mills. The pulleys that survive in machinery are mostly V-belt and toothed timing-belt types developed after this was written.
Written for this edition, 2026.