Reynolds
Reynolds names 5 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Reynolds SIR JOSHUA, an English portrait and subject painter
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SIR JOSHUA, an English portrait and subject painter; born in Plympton Earls, near Plymouth, July 16, 1723. His father, a clergyman and master of Plympton grammar school, intended him for the medical profession; but he developed a strong aptitude for painting, was continually studying the plates in Cat's "Book of Emblems," Dryden's "Plutarch," and the other volumes that came in his way, and at the age of eight had mastered the "Jesuit's Perspective," and applied its principles to drawings executed by himself. In October, 1740, accordingly, he was sent to London to study art, and placed in the studio of Thomas Hudson, a portrait painter. In 1743 he returned to Devonshire, and some of the portraits of local worthies which he then produce uced still exist. In the following year he was again in London pursuing his art; but in the beginning of 1747, after the death of his father, he settled in Plymouth Dock, now Devonport, where he learned much from a study of the works of William Gandy of Exeter. In 1749 he made the acquaintance of Commodore, afterward Lord, Keppel, who invited A-Cyc him to accompany him on a cruise in the Mediterranean; and, after painting many of the British officers in Minorca, he made his way to Rome, where he studied Raphael and Michelangelo and in the Vatican caught a chill which permanently affected his hearing. He also visited Bologna, Genoa, Florence, Parma, and Venice. Returning to England in October, 1752, he soon afterward established himself in a studio in St. Martin's Lane, London, and attracted notice by his portraits of the second Duke of Devonshire and Commodore Kep- SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS pel. Before long he was in excellent practice, and in the year 1755 he had no fewer than 120 sitters. In 1760, he purchased a mansion on the W. side of Leicester Square, to which he added a studio and reception room. In 1764 he founded the famous liter ary club of which Dr. Johnson, Garrick, Burke, Goldsmith, Boswell, and Sheridan were members; all of whom were portrayed by his brush. He was one of the earliest members of the Incorporated Society of Artists, and contributed to its exhibitions till 1768, when, on the establishment of the Royal Academy, he was elected its first president; and in the following year received the honor of knighthood from the king. In 1769 he delivered the first of his " Discourses " to the students of the Academy, 15 of which have been published. They are Vol 8 full of valuable and well-considered instruction, and, along with his papers on art in the "Idler," his annotations to Du Fresnoy's "Art of Painting," and his "Notes on the Art of the Low Countries," show a correct and cultivated literary style. He contributed his picture of Miss. Morris as "Hope nursing Love" to the first exhibition of the Royal Academy, along with his portraits of the Duchess of Manchester, Mrs. Blake, Mrs. Crewe, and Mrs. Bouverie; and in 1771 completed his subject of "Count Ugolino and his Children in the Dungeon," on, usually regarded as his most successful effort in the direction of historical art. In 1784 he succeeded Allan Ramsay as painter to the king; in the same year he finished and exhibited his portrait of Mrs. Siddons as the "Tragic Muse," undoubtedly his greatest portrait, and in 1787 he undertook three subjects for Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery, executing beth," and "The Death of Cardinal Beaufort." He suffered a slight attack of paralysis in 1782, and in 1789 his sight became affected. The following year was embittered by an unfortunate dispute with the Academy which led to his resignation of the presidentship, a resolution which he afterward considered and rescinded; and on Dec. 10, 10, 1790, he delivered his last "Discourse " to the students. He died Feb. 23, 1792. It is in virtue of his portraits that Reynolds ranks as the head of the English school of art. In the dignity of their style, the power and expressiveness of their handling, the variety and appropriateness of their attitudes, in the beauty of their coloring and the delicacy of their flesh-painting, his portraits have never been surpassed. His efforts in the higher departments of historical and imaginative art were less successful. In his technical methods Reynolds was unfortunately most careless and uncertain. He was continually experimenting in new processes and untried combinations of pigments, with the result that even in his own lifetime his works deteriorated, especially in their flesh-tints. Personally Reynolds was a man of fine and varied culture, and he was distinguished by an exquisite urbanity, the expression of a most amiable and equable disposition, which was exceptionally fitted to win and retain friendship. The first great collection of the works of Reynolds was brought together by the British Institution in 1813, and numbered 142 pictures. His authentic works have been estimated by Taylor to number between 2,000 and 3,000; and from these some 700 engravings have been B-Cyc RHAMNACEÆ executed, some of them-such as the mezzotints of J. R. Smith, John Dixon, William Dickinson, and James M'Ardell - ranking among the finest examples of the art.
Reynolds ROBERT M., lawyer and diplomat
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ROBERT M., lawyer and diplomat, was born in Muskingum co., Ohio, Aug. 30, 1826. He received a classical education, removed to Illinois in 1847, and to Iowa in 1851. There he was principal of an academy and a teacher of mathematics for ten years and also studied law. Married in 1850 Orpha W. Richardson, of La Harpe, Illinois. Had six children, four sons, two daughters. He enlisted in the 1st Iowa Cavalry in 1861 and became a veteran by re-enlistment in 1864. He was three times wounded in action and was mustered out of service as a brigadier general by brevet in 1865. In that year he settled in Alabama. He was a mem- "Puck," "The Witch Scene from Mac-ber of the state constitutional convention of 1867 and was admitted to the bar at Montgomery, Ala. In 1868 he was elected auditor of the state, and served for more than four years. was minister resident He of the United States to Bolivia during 1874-77, and in 1878 was appointed first auditor of the U. S. treasury at Washington. Served as First Auditor in the Treasury until March 1885. Died in St. Louis, June 2, 1885. RHÆTIA, a province of the Roman empire, which included great part of the Alpine regions between the valleys of the Danube and the Po, and corresponded with the districts occupied in modern times by the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Swiss canton of Grisons. The Rhætians, who are generally supposed to have been of Etruscan origin, gin, were subdued by Drusus and Tiberius. rius, 15 B. c.; and shortly afterward Rhætia was incorporated as a province in the Roman empire. During the last days of the Roman empire, when the barbarians devastated the provinces, Rhætia was nearly depopulated; and after the fall of the Roman empire it was occupied by the Alemanni and Suevi. RHAMNACEÆ, an order of plants, classed by Lindley under his 44th or Rhamnal alliance. The calyx, which is four or five cleft, is valvate. The petals are as many and inserted into the orifice of the calyx; sometimes they are wanting. The stamens are four or five, and opposite to the petals; fruit berried or dry. The flowers are small and generally green. The order consists of trees and shrubs, often spiny. There are species in nearly all countries, with the exception of the Arctic zone. Known Vol 8 genera 42, species 250 (Lindley); genera 37, species 430 (Sir Joseph Hooker). Berries belonging to various plants of the order have been used for dyeing yellow, green, or intermediate tints, others are eatable. One plant is used by the poorer classes in China for tea. Others have been employed as astringents, purgatives, tonics, sedatives, etc.
Reynolds JOSEPH JONES, an American military officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOSEPH JONES, an American military officer; born in Flemingsburg, Ky., Jan. 4, 1822; was appointed to the United States Military Academy from Indiana in 1839; on graduation was appointed 2d lieutenant, 4th Artillery, and after service at Fort Monroe and in Texas was, in 1846, assigned to the 3d Artillery and was on frontier duty at Fort Washita, I. T., in 1855- 1856; then became Professor of Mechanics and Engineering at Washington University, St. Louis, and was also stationed at other colleges. After the beginning of the Civil War he rapidly rose in rank from colonel of the 10th Indiana Volunteers to Major-General of volunteers; during that time he was in command of Camp Morton, Indianapolis, and Cheat Mountain district, W. Va. In Tennessee he was engaged in the actions at Hoover's Gap, battle of Chickamauga, and battle of Chattanooga; later was in command of the defenses of New Orleans from Jan. 6 to June 16, 1864; was in command of the 19th Army Corps, and assisted in organizing the forces for the capture of Mobile and Forts Gaines and Morgan, Mobile harbor, in the same year. He was in command of the Mississippi river from its mouth to Memphis, Tenn., from October to December, 1864; was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1866, and was promoted colonel in the regular army in the same year; was brevetted Brigadier-General in 1867 for gallant and meritorious service at the battle of Chickamauga, and was in the same year brevetted Major- General for similar service at the battle of Missionary Ridge; after service in the 25th Infantry he was transferred to the 23d Cavalry in 1870, and after that time served at Fort McPherson and other military stations and on various boards till retired from active service June 25, 1877, for disability contracted in the line of duty. He died in Washington, D. C., Feb. 25, 1899.
Reynolds JOHN FULTON, an American military officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOHN FULTON, an American military officer; born in Lancaster, Pa., Sept. 20, 1820; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1841; as 1st lieutenant served in the Mexican War in 1846-1847; was promoted captain in 1855; and was appointed commandant at West Point in 1859. At the beginning of the Civil War he was appointed a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers; led a brigade in the Seven Days' battles, in June, 1862, near Richmond, when he so distinguished himself for skill and bravery that he was given the brevets of colonel and brigadier-general, U. S. A. In 1863 he succeeded Hooker in command of the 1st Army Corps; in 1863 was promoted Major-General of volunteers. His corps was the vanguard at Gettysburg, where he was killed, July 1, 1863.
Reynolds JAMES BURTON, an American public official
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JAMES BURTON, an American public official, born in Saratoga, N. Y., in 1870. He was educated at Dartmouth College, and after some years of journalistic work with Boston and New York newspapers, he became secretary of the Republican State Committee of Massachusetts in 1896, serving until 1905. From 1905 to 1909 he was an assistant secretary of the treasury, spending some during 1907 and 1908 in various European countries as chairman of the government commission to consider trade relations between these countries and the United States. From 1909 to 1912 he was a member of the United States Tariff Board. In July, 1912, he became secretary of the Republican National Committee, resigning in January, 1920, to take charge of the campaign for the presidential nomination Governor Coolidge of Massachusetts.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's 1921 verdict still largely stands: Reynolds is read as the head of the English school on the strength of his portraits, with his "historical and imaginative" pictures such as "Count Ugolino" rated lower, and his experimental pigments blamed for the fading of his flesh tints eators have since traced to fugitive carmine lakes and bitumen. What has shifted is the market and the museum: his 1776 portrait of Mai (Omai), the Polynesian who came to London with Cook's second voyage, was bought jointly by the National Portrait Gallery and the Getty in 2023 for about £50 million after an export bar, and the sitter is now discussed as a person in his own right rather than as an exotic subject. Scholarship has also re-examined Reynolds's studio practice and his use of assistants and drapery painters, and "Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Muse" hangs in the Huntington in California rather than in Britain. The Royal Academy he first presided over in 1768 marked its 250th anniversary in 2018, still in London, though no longer in Somerset House.
Written for this edition, 2026.