Sand
Sand names 4 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Sand GEORGE, best known name of MADAME ARMANTINE LUCILE AURORE DU- PIN DUDEVANT
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
GEORGE, best known name of MADAME ARMANTINE LUCILE AURORE DU- PIN DUDEVANT, one of the greatest of French novelists; born in Paris, July 5, 1804. She was the daughter of Maurice Dupin, an officer of the republican army, who was descended from a natural daughter of Marshal Saxe. Till the age of 14 she was brought up at the Château of Nohant, near La Châtre (department of Indre), mostly under the care of her grandmother, afterward spending nearly three years in an Augustinian convent in Paris. In 1822 she married Baron Dudevant, to whom she bore a son and a daughter; but in 1831 separated from him, and took up her residence in Paris. In conjunction with Jules Sandeau, a young lawyer, she wrote "Rose and White," which was published in 1831, with the pseudonym Jules Sand The reception it met with afforded her an opportunity of publishing a novel solely by herself "Indiana," under the name of George Sand, nd, which she ever after retained. "Indiana" had a brilliant success, but excited much criticism by its extreme views on social questions. This was also the case with many others of her works. "Valentine," "Lélia," "Jacques," "André," "Leone Leoni," "Simon," "Mauprat'" The " Last Aldine," "Lavinia," "Metalla, and others, appeared within the first few years after her début. She visited Italy with Alfred de Musset; and lived eight years with Frédéric François Chopin, the composer. These relations also influenced or occasioned some of her works (as "She and He," 1859). In 1836 she obtained a judicial separation from her husband, with the care of her children. She took an active interest in the Revolution of 1848, and contributed considerably to newspaper and other political literature. In 1854 she published "Story of My Life," a psychological autobiography. Among her later novels are: "The Man of Snow," "Sylvestre," "The Devil's Pool," "François Champi," "Little Fadette," "Jean," Teverino " ," "The God-daughter," "The Master Bellringers." Her published works consist of upward of 60 separate novels, a large number of plays, and numerous articles in literary journals. She died in Nohant, June 8, 1876.
Sand ordinarily, a kind of soil
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
ordinarily, a kind of soil, forming, with clay and mold, the surface of the agricultural portions of the earth. Vast stretches of country are covered with sand Pure sand consists of finely ground crystalline rocks, chiefly quartz. It is present in almost all soils and on careful examination shows all degrees of age. Some grains have sharp edges like newly fractured bits of glass, others are worn smooth and round by constant rubbing together. Sand varies in color, owing to tinctures of different minerals. Iron gives sand a reddish tinge. The term has passed into traditional use. "Sand in one's make-up" is another expression for true grit. No tie can be more worthless than "a rope of sand." The "sands of life" have reference to the running sand employed in hour glasses to denote the passing of time. "To sand one's track" means to render assistance. It is derived from the custom of locomotive engineers who dribble sand in front of their driving wheels to prevent them from slipping. The uses of sand in the industrial arts, as glass-making, plastering, concreting, molding, and the like, are numerous. Special articles may be consulted. See Silicon ; Concrete ; Glass , etc.
Sand comminuted fragments of ig
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
comminuted fragments of ig. neous, metamorphic, or volcanic rocks, or of chert, flint, etc. They are detached from the parent rock, and as bowlders and pebbles are ground against each other by water on sea-beaches or in any similar way. The colors of sand correspond to those of the minerals in the rocks from which they were detached. It may be red, white, gray, or black, but when quartzose, as it often is, it is normally reddishyellow, from oxide of iron. Sea-sand often contains Foraminifera, spicules of sponges, minute fragments of shells, por tions of the body of Echinoderms. ( See SANDSTONE.) In the plural, tracts of land consisting of sand, as the deserts of Arabia or Africa; also, tracts of sand left exposed by the ebb of the tide.
Sand Fine particles of stone or mineral
The Encyclopedia of Founding (1892)
Fine particles of stone or mineral. The finely granulated particles of siliceous stones constitute the beach and river sand, which, when dry, are without cohesion. The various sands are made through the agency of winds, water, decomposition by chemical action, and other agencies. See FACING-SAND.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Aiton's in 1910 treated sand mainly as a soil and a source of homely phrases ("a rope of sand"), and Collier's in 1921 defined it by its parent rock rather than its size; modern geology instead classifies sand purely by grain diameter, roughly 0.06 to 2 mm on the Wentworth scale published in 1922, the year after Collier's went to press. What none of these accounts anticipated is scarcity: sand and gravel are now the most heavily extracted solid materials on Earth, on the order of tens of billions of tonnes a year for concrete, land reclamation and glass, and the UN Environment Programme has warned of a supply crisis, with illegal river dredging and violent "sand mafias" reported in India and elsewhere. Desert sand, the "sands of Arabia or Africa" Collier's mentions, is largely useless for concrete because wind-rounded grains will not bind, which is why Gulf states import sand. On George Sand, Collier's facts still hold, though her first name was Amantine rather than "Armantine," and where 1921 dwelt on her lovers and her "extreme views on social questions," feminist criticism since the 1970s has restored her as a serious novelist and political writer in her own right.
Written for this edition, 2026.