Scott
Scott names 12 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Scott Sir Walter, a Scottish poet and novelist
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Sir Walter, a Scottish poet and novelist. He was born at Edinburgh, August 15, 1771, and died at Abbotsford, September 21, 1832. The Scotts were an old border family. Sir Walter traced his descent directly to Auld Watt of Harden, "whose name I have made ring in many a ditty," and to "his fair dam, the Flower of Yarrow,--no bad genealogy for a border minstrel." When a child Walter took great pleasure in listening to the tales of border forays in which his ancestors took so great a part, Fortunately, from a nurse, an old soldier, and a blind poet, who found the little chap a receptive listener, he acquired a wealth of material which he afterwards used to the great an advantage in his poems and tales. At six he would sit for hours listening to tales. At ten he had a large collection of border tales and ballads. He took the greatest delight in Percy's Reliques, even to the forgetting of his dinner. At the age of eight Scott was sent to the Edinburgh high school . Although lame from infancy, he was a leading spirit. He led the school boys in their fights with the boys of the town, and permitted no one to surpass him in climbing Salisbury Crag. Nothing pleased him better than to scale some precipice, gather friends around him, and entertain them with border tales and ballads until the sun went down. He was so full of high spirits, so generous, and, withal, so entertaining, that Walter was always in demand whenever fun or an excursion was planned. Scott's father was an industrious lawyer. He desired his son to fit himself for the legal profession. Scott was a dutiful son and endeavored to comply; but, while a student at the university of Edinburgh, whither he was sent, he took more delight in haunting old bookshops in search of some stray chapman's book or ballad than in applying himself to musty volumes of law. He was very fond of taking long trips through Liddesdale and other valleys of southern Scotland. His steady father in despair declared he would never be anything but a "gangrel scrape-gut," that is a player on a violin, but as a friend who accompanied him on these excursions afterward said: "He was makin' himself a' the time, but he didna ken, maybe, what he was about till years had passed; at first he thought o' little, I daresay, but the queerness and the fun." Scott's affectionate relations to his father and his endeavor to do the latter's will are related with close adherence to facts in Redgauntlet, Alan Fairford being no less than Walter Scott himself. Scott was in due time admitted to the practice of law, and, indeed, conducted a few cases; but he never became known as a lawyer. His legal studies were, however, of great service to him. Through his cheery manners and wide acquaintance he secured an appointment as sub-sheriff, a sort of justice of Selkirkshire, and was made also a clerk of the court in Edinburgh. The courts sat for about six months during the year. During this period Scott's duties required intense application for about four hours a day, leaving him free the rest of the day and year for literature. He held these positions for about twenty-five years. The joint salary was not far from $8,000 a year. He was able, therefore, to realize his oft quoted remark that "literature should be a staff, not a crutch." It is convenient to treat of Scott's various lines of effort independently without following the order of time. His first literary efforts were translations from the German. He was an enthusiastic admirer of Goethe. In 1802 he completed a collection of the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, on which he may be said to have been engaged from his earliest childhood. This work appears to have suggested to him The Lay of the Last Minstrel, his first important poetical composition. It appeared in 1805, and brought him immediate fame. Scott himself was astonished at his own success, and rejoiced in it as genially as though he were complimenting another. Marmion appeared in 1808; The Lady of the Lake in 1810. The Vision of Don Roderick, Rokeby, The Lord of the Isles, Harold the Dauntless, and The Bridal of Triermain followed in order. Scott became convinced, however, that he had worked out his vein of poetry. He felt that after the publication of The Lady of the Lake his poems had fallen off in merit. The rise of Byron as a popular poet assisted Scott in coming to this conclusion. In July of 1814, some time before he had ceased entirely to produce poetry, Scott's first novel, Waverley, appeared. He had had it in mind, however, and had done work on it at odd times from 1806. It was published anonymously, purporting to come from the pen of an untried writer. Scott strove laboriously to conceal the authorship. Waverley was received with the greatest enthusiasm. The "Great Unknown," as the author was termed, was the literary problem of the day. Other novels by the "Author of Waverley" appeared at the rate of six volumes a year. Guy Mannering, The Antiquary, The Black Dwarf, and Old Mortality were published in rapid succession. The authorship became an open secret. It was avowed publicly at a literary banquet in Edinburgh. Rob Roy, The Heart of Midlothian, The Bride of Lammermoor, The Legend of Montrose, Ivanhoe, The Monastery, The Abbot, Kenilworth, The Pirate, The Fortunes of Nigel, Peveril of the Peak, Quentin Durward, St. Roman's Well, Redgauntlet, The Betrothed, The Talisman, Woodstock, The Two Drovers, The Highland Widow, The Surgeon's Daughter, The Fair Maid of Perth, Anne of Geierstein, Count Robert of Paris, and Castle Dangerous complete the extraordinary list of novels from his pen. In all, seventy volumes were given to the press between the years 1814 and 1831. Lovers of Scott do not find a dull volume in the list. Young readers do well to begin with Ivanhoe and Rob Roy, Quentin Durward and The Talisman. About the time that Scott's success as an author became pronounced, he formed the unfortunate plan of taking an interest in the printing house of James Ballantyne and Company, of Edinburgh. This firm was saved from bankruptcy only by the sale of valuable assets to the publishing house of Constable and Company. The two houses became associated in business matters. In spite of the enormous sales of Scott's works, the firms became involved in financial difficulties, owing chiefly, it is said, to the publication of expensive illustrated works for which there was insufficient demand to pay expenses. In 1826 the crash came. Sir Walter Scott found that, as a partner in the concern, he was morally responsible for debts amounting in the aggregate to $600,000. The blow would have crushed an ordinary man. Though weighed down by the burden, he set himself at work heroically to pay off the debt. He prepared a new edition of his works, so far as they had yet appeared. The entire British book-buying public, sympathizing with their favorite author in his distress, bought and bought liberally. In an incredibly short time he was able to pay off a large portion of the amount due. At a public meeting held by his creditors, he was complimented for his high sense of honor. His personal belongings, including his antiquities and treasures of art at Abbotsford, were released from the obligation which hung over everything that he possessed. Scott struggled on, however, to the end of his life. His last novels, showing unmistakably that his power was failing, were written with a view to diminishing the mountain of debt. The income from his works during the last years of his life was over $50,000 a year. Every available penny went to pay debts. He also completed the premiums on an insurance policy which netted his creditors over $100,000. Even though Scott had not written a poem or a novel, he would have been one of the noted literary men of Scotland. He was a contributor to the Edinburgh Review. He fell out with the editorial management of that periodical and took part in the foundation of the Quarterly Review. He was a diligent collector and editor, as stated, of Scottish minstrelsy, and a voluminous writer on Scottish antiquities. He wrote a History of Napoleon Bonaparte in nine volumes. Though too lengthy to be popular, it is interesting from cover to cover. He also wrote a History of Scotland in two volumes. In the total number of works contributed to various departments of literature, Scott is said to have been excelled in volume only by Anthony Trollope. In 1812, when Scott was in the tide of financial prosperity, he purchased an old farm on the Tweed near a former crossing, much used by the ancient abbots of Melrose. He named the estate Abbotsford. He purchased adjacent lands, set out plantations of trees with skill, and began the erection of a baronial home, adding wing after wing and turret after turret as rapidly as he acquired the means. Here he did the greater part of his literary work. He provided himself with a fine library and amassed a great quantity of armor and medieval antiquities. He was a hospitable man and liked nothing better than to entertain friends with walks through his plantations and with excursions on horseback to various parts of the surrounding country. He was immensely popular with everybody in the vicinity, whether noble or peasant. People in every walk of life were eager to get a word with him. Tales of Sir Walter, his horse, and his dog are still current among the peasantry of that part of Scotland. In 1797 Scott married a beautiful lady, the daughter of a French Protestant refugee. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. Sophia married J. G. Lockhart, a writer of no mean ability. His Life of Sir Walter Scott, in seven volumes, is one of the world's great biographies, ranking with Boswell's Life of Johnson. A short autobiographical sketch by Sir Walter, covering his childhood, forms the introduction to the first volume. Sir Walter traveled extensively in Scotland. The scenes described in his poems and tales were visited by himself in person, and the details noted at first hand. He visited London repeatedly, and traveled on the continent. Toward the close of his life, when his powers were evidently failing, he was persuaded to go to the Mediterranean, if possible, to recover his health. Finding that he obtained no relief, he turned his face homeward and hastened his journey with a rapidity that impaired his strength. He reached Abbotsford in July, 1832, where he died one beautiful autumn afternoon. His last hours were soothed by the sound of the rippling waters of the Tweed, a stream whose silver shallows and furze-covered banks he never ceased in life to admire. His remains were buried in Dryburgh Abbey. Critics agree that Sir Walter Scott's life and character leave little to be desired. He was a gentleman in the best sense of the word. He kept clear of literary squabbles and jealousies. Seemingly everybody respected him--loved him. It was a sad day for the countryside--a sad day for the city--a sad day for Scotland--when Sir Walter Scott died. His principal poems and tales have been translated into many languages. His position in literature can never be disputed. A complete list of Scott's writings comprises, beside novels and long poems, an astonishing number of articles and poems on miscellaneous subjects written for current periodicals. It contains also works of criticism and biography, editions of Dryden and Swift, the Life of Napoleon in nine volumes, Tales of a Grandfather, and Demonology and Witchcraft. The following list includes the more important poems: POEMS. Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 1802-3 The Lay of the Last Minstrel 1805 Marmion 1808 The Lady of the Lake 1810 Vision of Don Roderick 1811 Rokeby 1812 The Bridal of Triermain 1813 The Lord of the Isle 1815 Harold the Dauntless 1817 The following is a complete list of Scott's novels. The dates given are those of the period in which the scenes are laid: NOVELS. SCOTTISH-- Dates. Waverley 1745 Old Mortality 1679 Legend of Montrose 1645 The Abbot 1568 The Monastery 1559 Fair Maid of Perth 1402 Castle Dangerous 1306 ENGLISH-- Ivanhoe 1194 Kenilworth 1575 Fortunes of Nigel 1620 Peveril of the Peak 1660 Betrothed 1187 Talisman 1193 Woodstock 1652 CONTINENTAL-- Quentin Durward 1470 Anne of Geierstein 1477 Count Robert of Paris 1090 SOCIAL-- Guy Mannering 1750 Antiquary 1798 Black Dwarf 1708 Rob Roy 1715 Heart of Midlothian 1751 Bridge of Lammermoor 1700 The Pirate 1700 St. Ronan's Well 1800 Redgauntlet 1770 Surgeon's Daughter 1750 Two Drovers 1765 Highland Widow 1755 See Abbotsford In a little while, the "lord of the castle" himself made his appearance. I knew him at once by the descriptions I had read and heard, and the likenesses that had been published of him. He was tall and of a large, powerful frame. His dress was simple and almost rustic; an old green shooting coat with a big whistle at the buttonhole, brown linen pantaloons, stout shoes that tied at the ankles, and a white hat that had evidently seen service. He came limping up the gravel walk, aiding himself by a stout walking staff, but moving rapidly and with vigor. By his side jogged along a large, iron-gray staghound of most grave demeanor, who took no part in the clamor of the common rabble but seemed to consider himself bound for the dignity of the house to give me a courteous reception.--Irving, A Visit to Abbotsford.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SIR WALTER, a British author. He was born in Edinburgh on August 15, 1771, the son of Walter Scott, writer of the Signet, and Anne Rutherford, daughter of a professor in the University of Edinburgh. His family belonged to the border country between England and Scotland, and numbered among its members many adventurers and heroes such as figure in the writings of their illustrious descendant. Losing the use of his right leg while an infant, he was sent to his grandfather's farm, where he recovered his general health though he remained lame for life. Here he learned from his grandmother the songs and legends of the countryside, and began to store his memory with the folklore that served him so well when he began to write. He was educated at the Edinburgh High School and the University, but did not graduate. Before he was fifteen he became apprentice to his father, and in 1792 he was called to the bar. His practice grew slowly, and he used his leisure for society, in which he distinguished himself by his gift of storytelling, for excursions in which he got to know thoroughly many any parts of Scotland and their local ocal legends, and for wide reading in French, Italian, Spanish, and German as well as English. In 1797, he married Charlotte Mary, daughter of Jean Charpentier, a French refugee. By this time he had begun to turn to literature and was translating German ballads. Publication began with versions of "Bürger's Lenore" and "The Wild Huntsman" (1796), which were followed in 1799 by a translation of Goethe's "Goetz von Berlichingen." Meantime he had developed a military enthusiasm and had organized a volunteer regiment and a body of cavalry; and through the friends made in this connection he was appointed sheriff-substitute of Selkirkshire. This increased his income, and at the same time gave him opportunity for touring his favorite district. In 1802 he began the publication of "The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border," in which he gave the public the benefit of years of balladcollecting, and in which he included some imitations by himself and his friends. This work led to the composition of his first long poem, "The Lay of the Last Minstrel" (1805), the success of which definitely decided him to adopt a literary career. He retained his office, however, and went to live at Ashestiel on the Tweed, near Selkirk. In 1805 he became a partner of his printer Ballantyne, and got interested in publishing speculations, among which was his own edition of Dryden's complete works. He also took an active interest in politics as a warm Tory partisan. "Marmion" was published in 1808 and repeated the success of the "Lay," and the next year he joined the staff of the new "Quarterly Review." "The Lady of the Lake" followed in 1810, and sold 20,000 copies. In 1812 he bought the estate and began building the mansion of Abbotsford on the Tweed, and continued his poetical work with "Rokeby" (1812) and "The Bridal of Triermain" (1813). These poems had less success than their predecessors. They were less animated, his style had lost its novelty, and Byron's romantic tales were beginning to rival Scott's. He published later "The Lord of the Isles" (1815) and "Harold the Dauntless" (1817), but their comparative lack of success was more than redeemed by a new triumph. In 1814 he took up and completed a manuscript novel, "Waverley," begun long before and laid aside. It was an immediate success, and for the next decade Scott poured forth with amazing fertility a series of novels of which the most important were "Guy Mannering" (1815), "The Antiquary" (1816), "Old Mortality" (1817), "Rob Roy" (1818), "The Bride of Lammermoor" (1819), "Ivanhoe" (1819), "The Monastery" (1820), "The Abbot" (1820), "Kenilworth" (1821), "The Fortunes of Nigel" (1822), "Quentin Durward" (1823), "St. Ronan's Well" (1824), "Red Gauntlet" (1824), "The Talisman" (1825). In 1827 the authorship, hitherto a secret, was acknowledged. In these romances Scott availed himself of the vast store of history and legend he had been accumulating from childhood, and of his extraordinary power of making vivid the personages, manners, and customs of past times. Most of the qualities of his poems find in his prose fiction a more favorable medium, and in the latter he displayed a power of drawing character of which the poems gave little sign. The novels were received at home with unexampled enthusiasm, and their vogue extended over the continent and evoked many imitations. The enormous sale of the novels brought Scott large sums, some £76,000 of whicls he spent on Abbotsford, completed as a baronial castle in 1824. He entertained lavishly, bought land to enlarge his estate, and was generous in his gifts to relatives and fellow authors. In 1820 he was made a baronet. He became, however, deeply involved in the affairs of his printers and publishers, and when in 1826 these failed, Scott was ruined. While the publishers went into bankruptcy, Scott personally assumed the liabilities of £117,000 of Ballantyne & Co., and set to work to earn money to pay the creditors in full. Scarcely had he begun this colossal task when Lady Scott died. His life was clouded further by fears for the life of his grandson, John Hugh Lockhart, who was suffering from a mortal disease. Nevertheless, he kept heroically at work, earned £8,228 with "Woodstock" (1826) in three months, and $18,000 with his "Life of Napoleon" in nine volumes. "Tales of a Grandfather" (1828-1830) followed, and with the "Chronicles of the Canongate" (1827) and an edition of his works with autobiographical prefaces enabled him to raise nearly £40,000 in two years. He went on with "The Fair Maid of Perth" (1828) and "Anne of Geierstein" (1829), but in 1830 was interrupted by a stroke of paralysis. When he resumed with "Count Robert of Paris" (1831) a decline in his powers was unmistakable. A second and third attack followed, but he toiled on, and even found time for political activity. After finishîng "Castle Dangerous" (1831) he was taken to Naples in the hope of prolonging his life, and there heard of the death of his grandson. In the following spring, on his return journey, arney, he was again struck down by paralysis, and was brought home half unconscious. They carried him to Abbotsford, where he died within sound of his beloved Tweed, on Sept. 21, 1832. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son Walter, on whose death in 1847 the title became extinct. Scott's life insurance and his copyrights were sufficient to settle the unpaid balance of his obligations, so he may be regarded as having won his heroic fight to clear his name and estate from debt. Scott's struggle to the death to pay what was due to his creditors is typical of the most fundamental trait in his character. From his ancestry or from the age of chivalry to which he gave so romantic a devotion he caught the spirit of honor which he carried into the mazes of modern business. For the rest he was a loyal friend, a generous enemy, a warm partisan without personal rancor, a devoted patriot. In spite of his romanticism, his character had a basis of solid common sense, and his broad sympathy and hearty humor made his contact with his fellows human and healthy. These qualities pervaded his work. His poetry is vivacious and picturesque, seldom passionate or lofty; his prose admirably suited to a born story teller with a keen observation of the variety if not the subtlety of human nature. In his fiction he professed no higher motives than the providing of wholesome entertainment, and the awakening of patriotism and an interest in the past. These purposes he achieved with brilliant success; for few writers have given more harmless pleasure, or have aroused in more readers a curiosity about former ages, or have created so large a company of imaginary T-Cyc characters. He succeeded best with figures that could be drawn in strong colors, least with normal young men and women. He was a great artist in the picturesque. Among men of letters it is hard to find a truer man.
Scott WINFIELD, an American military officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
WINFIELD, an American military officer; born near Petersburg, Va., June 13, 1786; was educated at GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT William and Mary College, and studied law. In 1808 he was appointed captain of light artillery in General Wilkinson's division, stationed at Baton Rouge, La.; but was suspended for having accused his general of complicity with the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. At the commencement Vol 8 of the War of 1812 he was appointed two arts receiving most attention and the lieutenant-colonel and fought at Queenstown Heights. In 1813 he was promoted adjutant-general; in 1814, brigadiergeneral and brevet major-general. On July 3 he took Fort Erie, on the 5th fought the battle of Chippewa, and 20 days after, that of Lundy's Lane. He took part in the operations against the Seminoles and Creeks (1835-1837), in the Nullification disturbances in South Carolina, and in the Canadian revolt of 1837- 1838. In 1841 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the United States Army, and in 1846 commanded in the Mexican War. In 1847 he won the victories of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Jalapa, Perote, Puebla, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, and seized Mexico, Sept. 14. The same year he was brevetted lieutenant-general. In 1859 he was a commissioner to settle the San Juan dispute with Great Britain; and in 1852 was the unsuccessful candidate of the Whig party for the presidency. In 1862 he retired from the army, retaining, by special act of Congress, his pay and allowance. General Scott compiled the "General Regulations of the Army," and translated and adapted from the French the system of "Infantry Tactics" which was used as the textbook of the army. In 1864 he published his "Autobiography." He died in West Point, N. Y., May 29, 1866.
Scott JAMES BROWN, an American educator and lawyer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JAMES BROWN, an American educator and lawyer, born in Kincardine, Ontario, in 1866. He graduated from Harvard in 1890. Winning the Parker fellowship of that university, he traveled in Europe and studied at the universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris. From 1894 to 1899 he practiced law in Los Angeles. He founded and for three years was dean of the law school of the University of Southern California. From 1899 to 1903 he was dean of the college of law at the University of Illiyears following nois, and for the three nois, was professor of law at Columbia. From 1905 to 1906 he was professor of law at George Washington University, and from the latter year was professor of interna- . From 1906 to 1911 he served tional law as solicitor of the State Department and was counsel for the United States on many important litigations, including the North Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration before The Hague. In 1909 he became lecturer on international law at Johns Hopkins University. He was appointed secretary of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was president of the American Institute of International Law, and was a delegate to many scientific and political conferences. During the Spanish-American War he served in the 7th California Infantry. He edited many volumes dealing with international law, and was the author of "The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907" (1909); "An International Court of Justice" (1916); "Survey of International Relations Between the United States and Germany" (1918).
Scott ROBERT FALCON, an English Antarctic explorer and naval officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ROBERT FALCON, an English Antarctic explorer and naval officer, born in Devonport, in 1868. He joined the navy, where he became torpedo lieutenant. In 1901 he was given command of the Royal Geographical Antarctic exploration, in which, with a base on Mc- Murdo sound, he made expeditions which resulted in important discoveries, including King Edward VII Land and Victoria Land. On his return he was promoted to be captain and received degrees from Cambridge and Manchester universities. He was also awarded gold medals by several geographical societies. In 1910 he was appointed commander of the British National expedition, which also operated from McMurdo sound. Its chief object was to reach the South Pole, and this was accomplished after a continuous sledge journey of 1,842 miles. The pole was reached on January 18, 1912. It had, however, already been reached by Amundsen, five weeks before. On the return journey, the entire party perished. Scott himself died from starvation and exposure on Mar. 29, 1912, within 155 miles of the home station. In 1915 a bronze statué CAPTAIN ROBERT FALCON SCOTT of Captain Scott was unveiled in Waterloo Place, London. He wrote "Voyage of the Discovery" (1905). "Scott's Last Expedition" was published after his death, in 1913.
Scott THOMAS ALEXANDER, an American railroad manager
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
THOMAS ALEXANDER, an American railroad manager; born in Loudon, Pa., Dec. 28, 1824; became connected with the Pennsylvania railroad in 1850; was made its general superintendent in 1858, and its vice-president in the following year. When the Civil War broke out he was placed on the staff of Gov. Andrew G. Curtin of Pennsylvania, and had charge of the sending of volunteers to the front. In April, 1861, the Secretary of War requested him to build a railroad branch from Philadelphia to Washington, which he did in a surprisingly short time; in May, 1861, he was commissioned a colonel of volunteers and placed in command of all government telegraphs and railroads. On Aug. 1 of the same year he was appointed assistant Secretary of War. He resigned this post in June, 1862, to give his time wholly to railroad management; but re-entered the service of the government in September, 1863, and directed the movement of two army corps to Chattanooga to relieve Gen. William S. Rosecrans. He was president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1874-1880. In the latter year he was forced to resign by ill health. He died in Darby, Pa., May 21, 1881.
Scott HUGH LENOX, an American military officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
HUGH LENOX, an American military officer; born in Danville, Ky., Sept. 22, 1853; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1876, and detailed to duty in the West, where he served in numerous Indian c mention from the War Department for his gallantry in the "Ghost-dance" outbreak in 1891. At the beginning of the Spanish- American War he was placed in command of the 1st Army Corps; was appointed adjutant-general of the Department of Havana in 1898, and of the Department of Cuba in 1900. His other assignments included: Acting-Governor of Cuba, 1900-1902; Governor of the Philippines, 1903-1906; Superintendent United States Military Academy, demy, 1906-1910; Lieutenant-Colonel , 1911; Commanand Colonel of Cavalry der United States troops on southern border of Texas to California, 1913-1914; assistant Chief-of-Staff, 1914; settler of trouble on Mexican border at Naco, Ariz., June, 1915; appointed Major-General, 1915; service in Mexico, 1917; Commander 78th Division of National Army, Camp Dix, 1917. Was active at Arras, Chalons, Passchendael Ridge, 1917; awarded honorary degrees by Princeton and Columbia. Besides a monograph "Sign Language of the Plains Indians," he published numerous papers.
Scott WALTER DILL, an American educator
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
WALTER DILL, an American educator, born at Cooksville, Ill., in 1869. He graduated from the Illinois State Normal University in 1891, from Northwestern University in 1895, and took post-graduate studies at the University of Leipzig. From 1901 to 1908 he was associate professor of psychology and education and direction of the psychological laboratory at Northwestern University, and from 1908 was professor of psychology at the same institution. In 1916-17 he was director of the Bureau of Salesmanship Research at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. During the World War he devised and installed a personnel system in the United States Army, for which he received the Distinguished Service Medal. He was the author of "The Theory of Advertising" (1903); "The Psychology of Advertising" 1908); ( and "Increasing Human Efficiency" (1911).
Scott EMMETT JAY, an American negro educator
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
EMMETT JAY, an American negro educator, born at Houston, Tex., in 1873. He was educated at Wiley University, Marshall, Tex. After engaging years, intwspaper work for several became the secretary of Booker T. Washington, and from 1912 to 1919 was secretary of the Tuskegee institute. From 1919 he was secretary and treasurer of Howard University. During the World War he served as special treasurer of secretary of War to advise on matters affecting negro soldiers. He wrote "Booker T. Washington, Builder of a Civilization" (1916); "The American Negro in the World War" (1919). He also contributed many articles to newspapers and magazines on the negro question.
Scott or SCOT, MICHAEL
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
or SCOT, MICHAEL, a Scotch philosopher of the 13th century. Of his life little is known. His nationality even is in doubt: the Italians and the Spaniards as well as the Scotch claimed him as their countryman. His great learning won for him the reputation of being a magician. His writings treat of astrology, alchemy, and the occult sciences in general; among them are treatises "On the Sun and Moon," "On Palmistry," "On Physiognomy and Human Procreation." According to traditions he died in 1230 and was buried in Melrose Abbey.
Scott LEROY, an American writer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
LEROY, an American writer, born at Fairmount, Ind., in 1875. He graduated from the University of Indiana in 1897 and until 1900 engaged in newspaper work. In 1902-3 he was assistant headworker of the University settlement of New York. From 1904 he devoted himself entirely to writing. His books include "The Walking Delegate" (1905); "The Shears of Destiny" (1910); "No. 13 Washington Square" (1914); "Mary Regan" (1918); and "A Daughter of Two Worlds" (1919).
Scott HUGH STOWELL, an English novelist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
HUGH STOWELL, an English novelist, writing under the pen-name of Henry Seton Merriman. He was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1862. His stories of adventure were widely read. They include "Phantom Future" (1889); "Slave of the Lamp" (1892); "With Edged Tools" (1894); "Velvet Glove" 1901); "The Vultures" (1902). He died ( in 1903.
Scott Dred. See Dred Scott Decision
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Dred. See Dred Scott Decision ; Taney
What Has Changed in the Last Century
When Aiton's wrote this in 1910, Sir Walter Scott needed no defending: he was the one Scott on the page every reader knew, the Waverley novels were still household reading, and the encyclopedia could list Ivanhoe, Kenilworth and Quentin Durward as if reciting familiar titles. That has shifted more than any fact in the entry. Scott is now read chiefly by specialists and in Scottish literature courses rather than by the general public, and where the 1910 account treats his poems as the lesser vein, modern critics tend to credit him with inventing the historical novel as a form and shaping how nineteenth-century Europe imagined the past. Abbotsford, where he died in 1832, is open as a museum, and the Edinburgh station named after Waverley keeps his name in daily use; of the other eleven Scotts gathered here under the same headword, most were minor figures of their own moment and have faded from general reference entirely, so that the hub now reads as one enduring name surrounded by names that did not last.
Written for this edition, 2026.