Ashburton Treaty
a treaty concluded at Washington in 1842, by Alexander Baring, Lord Ashburton, and the President of the United States; it defined the boundaries between the State of Maine and Canada. (-zōsh), ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH a town of Leicestershire, England, near the source of the Mease, a tributary of the Trent, 18 miles N. W. of Leicester. It owes its suffix to the Norman family of La Zouch. Their ruined castle, cele- , large machine brated in Scott's "Ivanhoe," crowns a height to the S. of the town. Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned here. Leather is the staple industry. about 5,000.
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Ashera
an ancient Semitic goddess, whose symbol was the phallus. In the Revised Version of the Old Testament this word is used to translate what in the ordinary version is translated "grove," as connected with the idolatrous practice into which the Jews were prone to fall.
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Asheville
city and county-seat of Buncombe co., N. C., on the Southern railroad, near the French Broad river; 275 miles W. of Raleigh. It is in a tobacco-growing region; has manufactories of cotton goods, shoes, ice, tobacco, and flour; and is widely noted as a winter and summer resort, especially for invalids from the Northern States. The city is more than 2,000 feet above the level of the sea; is surrounded by impressive mountain scenery; and has the Bingham Military Academy, Normal College and Collegiate Institute for Young Women, Home Industrial School for Girls, Asheville Farm School for Boys, Industrial School for Colored Youth, banks, electric lights, and many hotels and boarding-houses. Adjoining it is the estate of Biltmore, established by George Vanderbilt, of New York City; one of the finest botanical gardens in the world; Pisgah forest, a hunting preserve of 84,000 acres; Battery and Riverside Parks; and Mount Beaumont, 2,800 feet high. Pop. (1910) 18,762; (1920), 28,504.
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Ashipu
(See Babylonia .)
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Ashland
town and county-seat of Ashland co., O.; on the Erie and other railroads; about 50 miles S. W. of Cleveland. It has important manufactures, large trade, a National bank, and several newspapers. Pop. (1910) 6,795; (1920) 9,249.
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Ashland (Borough in Schuylkill co Pa)
a borough in Schuylkill co., Pa .; in the valley of the Mahanoy, and on several railroads; 12 miles N. W. of Pottsville. It is in the center of the great anthracite coal fields; has extensive mining industries shops, foundries, and factories; and contains the State Miners ' Hospital, a Na- Pop. tional bank, public hall, and several ) 6,855; (1920) churches. Pop. (1910 6,666.
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Ashland (City and county-seat)
city and county-seat of Ashland co., Wis.; on Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior and several railroads; 80 miles E. of Duluth, Minn. It has one of the finest harbors on the lake, and besides its general lake traffic, it is a shipping port for the hematite ore of the great Gogebic Iron Range. To accommodate its iron interests, it has a number of enormous ore docks. Other special interests are lumber and brown stone. It has very large charcoal blast furnaces, used for the manufacture of pig iron. Near by is the group of Apostles' Is- Northlands. The institutions include land College, the North Wisconsin Academy, hospitals, etc. Pop. (1910) 11,594; (1920) 11,334.
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Ashland (City of Kentucky in Boyd co)
a city of Kentucky, in Boyd co., about 146 miles S. E. of Cincinnati. It is on the Chesapeake and Ohio, and the Norfolk and Western railroads, and on the Ohio and Big Sandy rivers. An important industrial city, it has manufactures of pig iron, wire nails, steel products, leather, cement, furniture, etc. The city is notable for a handsome park in its center. Pop. (1910) 8,688; (1920) 14,729.
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Ashley
a borough of Pennsylvania in Luzerne co., on the Central of New Jersey and the Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton railroads. It practically forms a part of Wilkes-Barre, being only one mile distant from that city. It has coal mines and railroad shops. Pop. (1910) 5,601; (1920) 6,520.
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Ashley
WILLIAM JAMES, an Anglo-American educator, born in London, England, in 1860; was educated at Oxford; became lecturer in history in Corpus Christi College. In 1888 he was appointed Professor of Political Economy and Constitutional History in the of Toronto, and, in 1892, was University called to the newly created chair of Economic History in Harvard University. In 1901 he returned to England, becoming professor of commerce and finance and later dean of the faculty of commerce in the University of Birmingham. He has published numerous books on economic subjects. ASHOKAN RESERVOIR. See AQUE DUCT
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Ashraf
a town in the Persian province of Mazanderan, near the S. coast of the Caspian Sea, 56 miles W. of Astrabad. It was a favorite residence of Shah Abbas the Great, and was adorned by him with splendid buildings, of which only a few miserable ruins now remain. It still contains over 800 houses, and has some trade in the cotton and silk produced in its vicinity.
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Ashtabula
a city in Ashtabula co., O., on Lake Erie, and several important railroads; 55 miles N. E. of Cleveland. It is in an agricultural and dairy region, and has an excellent harbor where the river of the same name enters the lake. The city is noteworthy for the facts that it receives the largest amount of iron ore of any port in the United States, and the amount of its shipment of the same is surpassed by few on the Great Lakes. Its extensive railroad and lake communications give it a special importance in the industrial world, as it stands between the great coal and iron mining regions and the extensive manufacturing districts of Pennsylvania. There are numerous industrial establishments and a large dry dock and ship-building plant. Pop. (1910) 18,266; (1920) 22,082.
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Ashtabula Poltergeist, The
The supposed cause of the extraordinary disturbances which took place about the middle of the nineteenth century in the presence of a lady of Ashtabula County, Ohio. First of all she became a medium on the death of her husband, and produced spiritrappings and other manifestations. Then for a time she studied anatomy in Marlborough, and afterwards returned to her home in Austinburg, where an alarming outbreak of weird manifestations occurred. Stair-rods moved after her when she went to her room, light articles flew about the house, and uncanny sounds were heard. At Marlborough, when she resumed her anatomical studies, the disturbances increased in violence, and she and her roommate had a ghastly vision of a corpse they had been dissecting in the day-time. Dr. Richmond, a sceptic of the day, maintained that these phenomena were the result of magneto-odylic emanations from the medium.
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