Adoptive Masonry
Masonic societies which adopt women as members. Early in the eighteenth century such societies were established in France , and spcedily spread to other countries. One of the first to adopt" women were the Mopses. The Felicitaries existed in 1742. The Fendeurs or Woodcutters were instituted in 1763 by Bauchaine, Master of a Parisian Lodge. It was modelled on the Carbonari, and its popularity led to the establishment of other lodges, notably the Fidelity, the Hatchet, etc. In 1774 the Grand Orient Lodge of France established a system of three degrees called the Rite of Adoption, and elected the Duchess of Bourbon as Grand Mistress of France. The rite has been generally adopted into Freemasonry, and various degrees added from time to the number of about twelve in all. Latin and Greek mysteries were added to the rite by the Ladies' Hospitallers of Mount Tabor. The greatest ladies in France joined the French lodges of adoption. The Rite of Mizraim created lodges for both sexes in 1819, 1821, 1838 and 1853, and the Rite of Memphis in 1839. America founded the Rite of the Eastern Star in five points. In these systems admission is generally confined to the female relations of Masons. The Order of the Eastern Star and that of Adoptive Masonry were attempted in Scotland , but without success.
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Adorno
a great plebeian family in Italy. It furnished many doges to Ge- For 165 years they struggled for noa. supremacy, especially with the Fregosi, and were definitely destroyed by Andrea Doria, in 1528.
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Adour
a river of France, which rises 6 miles to the E. of Barèges, in the department of the Upper Pyre nees, and, running by Tarbes and Dax, falls into the Bay of Biscay, 3 miles beyond Bayonne, where it joins the Nive. Its course, through many fertile valleys, is about 180 miles.
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Adowa
or ADUA, one of the principal towns in the kingdom of Tigré, Abyssinia, with houses built in a conical form, and arranged into streets. It is the great mart between the interior and the coast, and reaps the advantage of a transit trade between the Red Sea ports and Gondar. It was here that the Italians were decisively defeated by the Abyssinians in 1896. Population, though greatly varying, about 3,000.
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Adramelech
According to Wierius (q.v.,) Chancellor of the infernal regions, Keeper of the Wardrobe of the Demon King, and President of the High Council of the Devils. He was worshipped at Sepharvaim, an Assyrian town, where children were burned on his altar. The rabbis say that he shows himself in the form of a mule, or sometimes, of a peacock.
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Adrastus
Son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. He received Polynices , when the latter had been expelled from his native Thebes by his brother Eteocles , and gave him his daughter Argia in marriage. He then collected an army, with the assistance of six other heroes-Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, and Parthenopaeus-and marched against Thebes, in order to drive out Eteocles, and restore the kingdom to Polynices. The expedition, however, ended as disastrously as Amphiaraus had predicted, and all the heroes were killed, except Adrastus, who escaped through the swiftness of his horse, Arion . This expedition was made the subject of a drama, by Aeschylus , "The Seven against Thebes." Ten years later Adrastus induced the six sons of the heroes who had fallen in the war to make a new attack upon Thebes. This war was known as the war of the Epigonois. It was entirely successful, and Thebes was taken and razed to the ground. Aegialeus, the son of Adrastus, was killed in this war, and Adrastus is said to have died of a broken heart, on his return to
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Adrenal Enalin
the active principle of the adrenal glands. It is the most powerful astringent used and was discovered in 1901. It occurs as a light brown powder having a bitter taste.
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Adria
in the province of Rovigo, northern Italy, is one of the oldest cities in Europe. So late as the 12th century A. D., it was a flourishing harbor on the Adriatic Sea. It still retains several interesting remains of Etruscan and Roman antiquity, with a fine cathedral. Pop. about 20,000.
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Adrian College
a coeducational institution of higher education Adrian, Mich., founded in 1852. students number about 200 and the fac- Greece. ulty about 25. The property is valued at about $250,000. The library contains about 10,000 volumes. The president for 1919 was E. W. Anthony, D. D. ADRIANOPLE (Turkish, Edirné; Bulgarian, Odrin), formerly the third city of European Turkey, stands on the navigable Maritza (the ancient Hebrus), 198 miles W. N. W. of Constantinople by rail. The city has upward of 80,000 inhabitants, of whom about half are Turks. The splendid mosque of Selim II., the palace, and the immense bazaar of Ali Pasha, may be named as its principal features. It has a silk factory, and a considerable trade in attar of roses and wine. Founded or greatly improved by the Emperor Hadrian, Adrianople was the seat of the Ottoman sultanate from 1366 to 1453. In the Balkan War of 1912-1913, Aarianople, after a stubborn defense of five months, was surrendered to the Balkan allies, March 26, 1913. By the Treaty of London, May 30, 1913, it was ceded to Bulgaria, but in the war that ensued between the former allies, the Turks reoccupied the city, July 20, 1913. By By the Treaty of Constantinople, Sept. 29, 1913, Bulgaria formally restored Adrianople to Turkey. During the World War the city was raided many times by enemy 4-Vol. I-Cyc airplanes. As a result of the Peace in Treaty with Turkey, Adrianople was The lost to Turkey and became part of
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Adrianople
Eastern Thrace. Reoccupied by the Turks, October, 1922, in accordance with the terms of the Mudania armistice following the victory of the Turkish Nationalists over the Greeks in Asia Minor.
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Adriatic
ad-re-at'ik, or Gulf of Venice, an arm of the Mediterranean, lying between Italy and Greece. It is 500 miles in length. Geologically it is a continuation of the valley of the Po, which here sinks beneath the surface of the sea. The name is derived from the city of Adria, once a native port, but now fifteen miles inland. The intervening distance has been filled up by silt carried down into the sea by the Po. The coasts of the Adriatic near the Po are low, swampy, fertile, and populous. Elsewhere the Italian, Turkish, and Grecian coasts are precipitous and rocky. They are provided with few good harbors, compared with the coasts of the Aegean. Hence the two peninsulas stand "back to back." They had little early intercourse. Before the discovery of a route around the Cape of Good Hope, the Adriatic and its port, Venice, formed the chief pathway of the world's sea commerce. See Venice ; Mediterranean
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