Aluminium Gold
One part of aluminium to 99 of gold gives a metal the color of green gold, very hard but not ductile. An alloy of 5 parts of aluminium to 95 parts of gold gives an alloy that is nearly as brittle as glass. An alloy of 10 parts of aluminium to 90 parts of gold is white, crystalline and brittle. An imitation of gold, used as a substitute for the precious metal in cheap jewelry, is made by fusing together 5 to 7 1/2 parts of aluminium, 90 to 100 parts of copper and 2 1/2 of gold. The color of this alloy resembles gold so closely as to almost defy detection.
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Aluminium Silver
Aluminium and silver are easily alloyed and these alloys are more easily worked than silver although harder. An alloy of ninety seven parts aluminium and three of silver is not affected by ammonium hydrosulphide and has a beautiful color. An alloy of ninety-five parts of aluminium and five of silver is white, elastic and hard. It is used for making blades of desert and fruit knives.
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Aluminium Solder
The following alloys are recommended for the purpose: 1. Melt twenty parts of aluminium in a suitable crucible, and when in fusion add 80 parts zinc. When the mixture is melted, cover the surface with tallow, and maintain in quiet fusion for some time, stirring occasionally with an iron rod; then pour into moulds. 2. Take 15 parts of aluminum and 85 parts zinc, or 12 parts of the former and 88 parts of the latter, or 8 parts of the former and 92 parts of the latter; prepare all of them as specified for No. 1. The flux recommended consists of three parts balsam copaiba, one of Venetian turpentine, and a few drops of lemon juice. The soldering iron is dipped into this mixture.
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Aluminium Zinc
Alloys of aluminium and zinc are very hard and take a beautiful polish. An alloy of 97 parts of aluminium and 3 of zinc gives a result that is as white as the pure metal, harder than aluminium and very ductile.
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Alumino-Thermics
that branch of metallurgy which has to do with the utilization of heat developed by burning metallic aluminum. Its chief uses are to separate oxides, chlorides, and sulphides from other metals; to increase the temperature of other metals so that they may be welded by force of pressure; to obtain molten iron to be used in preparing broken iron and steel. It was first employed by Frederick Wöhler, the discoverer of aluminum. The process was perfected by other German scientists, especially by Hans Goldschmidt. He was the first to succeed in employing it on a large scale. It is now used widely in mechanical engineering.
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Aluminum Alloys
The following alloys comprise most of those which are in common use. Such alloys as have been made with other metals have not as yet been recognized as having any practical value in arts or manufactures. Aluminum. Silver. Copper. Gold. Tin. Aluminum silver, for fine instruments . . . . . 96 4 Alloy, for watch-springs, etc . . . . . 5 90 Aluminum bronze, hard malleable gold color . . . . 10 90 Aluminum bronze, soft malleable gold color . . . . 5 95 Aluminum bronze, medium malleable greenish gold . 7 1/2 92 1/2 Solid copper castings . . . . . 1 99 Aluminum copper, for engraving . . . . . 2 98 Alloy, hard as coin-silver . . . . . . 5 95 Alloy, extremely hard . . . . . 50 50 Alloy, ductile, hard, greenish . . . . . 99 1 Alloy, brittle, crystalline . . . . . 90 10 Alloy, harder than aluminum and polishes well . . . 95 5 Alloy, similar to 14-carat gold . . . . . 10 85 5 Gun-metal, with aluminum alloy, equal to cast-steel in strength; good for bells, etc . . . . . 2 90 10
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Alunite
a chemical compound of aluminum and potassium sulphate. It is used as a source of alum. It is found chiefly in Europe and also in several parts of the United States, especially in Colorado.
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Alva
or ALBA, FERDINAND AL- VAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, prime minister and general of the Spanish armies under Charles V. and Philip II., was born in 1508. He fought in the wars of Charles V. in France, Italy, Africa, Hungary, and Germany. He is more especially remembered for his bloody and tyrannical government of the Netherlands (1567-1573), which had revolted, and which he was commissioned by Philip II. to reduce to entire subjection to Spain. Among his first proceedings was to establish the "Council of Blood," a tribunal which condemned, without discrimination, all whose opinions were suspected, and whose riches were coveted. People by hundreds of thousands abandoned their country. The most oppressive taxes were imposed, and trade was brought completely to a standstill. Resistance was only quelled for a time, and soon the provinces of Holland and Zealand revolted against his tyranny. A fleet which was fitted out at his command annihilated. Hopeless of was finally subduing the country, he asked to be recalled, and, accordingly, in December, 1573, Alva left the country, in which, as he himself boasted, he had He was received executed 18,000 men. with distinction in Madrid. He had the honor, before his death, of reducing all Portugal to subjection to his sovereign. He died Jan. 12, 1582.
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Alva, Duke of
Duke of (1508-1582), a celebrated Spanish soldier. An able, unscrupulous, cruel man, of whom an excellent account may be found in Motley's The Rise of the Dutch Republic. A distinguished general, during the reign of Emperor Charles V, he became the military commander-in-chief of Philip II . Upon being asked at one time to give an account of the money expended in the campaign, he is said to have replied: "If the king asks me for an account, I will make to him a statement of kingdoms preserved, or conquered, of signal victories, of successful sieges, and of sixty years' service." An account of his various campaigns would be a history of the reigns of two monarchs under whom he served. Alva is remembered particularly for the way in which he treated the inhabitants of the Netherlands. He was sent to the Low Countries with an army to subdue a revolt and to exterminate heresy, out of which, it must in justice be said, the revolt proceeded. After a protracted contest Alva and his troops were withdrawn before the victorious forces of William, Prince of Orange. This war cost Spain $800,000,000, her choicest troops, and seven fair provinces. Alva himself boasted that he had caused 18,000 Netherlanders to be beheaded for heretical opinions, though modern writers assert that many were executed for the sake of the wealth they were known to possess. See Netherlands
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