Alvarado
PEDRO DE (äl-värä'do), a famous comrade of Cortes, was born at Badajoz, toward the close of the 15th century. In 1518 he sailed for the New World, and accompanied Grijalva in his exploring voyage along the shores of the American continent. It was now that the Spaniards heard of the riches of Montezuma, and of his vast empire. Alvarado was soon sent back to Cuba to inform the Governor, Velasquez, of the result of the expedition. In February, 1519, he sailed with Cortes from Havana, and took an active part in the conquest of Mexico. He died in 1541.
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Alvarez
DON JOSÉ (al-vä-'rāth), the greatest of modern Spanish sculptors, was born in 1768, in the province of Cordova. During youth he labored with his father, a stone-mason; and when 20 years old, began to stu study drawing and sculpture in the academy at Granada. In 1794 he was received into the Academy at San Fernando, where, in 1799, he gained the first prize and a grant to enable him to study at Paris and Rome. In Rome, he executed a famous group, now in the Royal Museum at Madrid, representing a scene in the defense of Saragossa. He died at Ma drid in 1827. 1
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Alvord
CLARENCE WALWORTH, an American educator, born in Greenfield, Mass., in 1868. He graduated from Williams College in 1891, and afterward took post-graduate studies at the University of Berlin and the University of Chicago. After having taught in several schools in Massachusetts, he was appointed instructor in history at the University of Illinois in 1897, and became, successively, associate professor, assistant professor, and full professor, the latter in 1913. He devoted special attention to the study of the history of the Middle West, was editor of the "Mississippi Valley Historical Review," editorin-chief of the "Illinois Centennial History," edited many volumes dealing with the early history of the Middle Western States, and was the author of "Mississippi Valley and British Policy" (1917).
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Alwar
a city of India, about 100 miles from Delhi. It is the capital of the state of Alwar. The town has several important public buildings, including the Royal Palace and several churches. Pop. about 45,000.
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Alwood
WILLIAM BRADFORD, American horticulturist, born in an Delta, O., in 1859. He studied at Ohio State University and George Washington University and carried on post-graduate studies in Germany and France. He was superintendent of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station from 1882 to 1886. From 1886 to 1888 he was special agent of the United States Department of Agriculture. From 1888 to 1904 he was vice-director of the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. He carried on important researches in horticulture and appointed enological mycology, was chemist in the United States Bureau of Chemistry in 1906, wrote much on horticultural subjects, and was a member of many American and foreign horticultural and other scientific societies.
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Alypin
a drug used often as a substitute for cocaine. It occurs as a white crystalline powder having a bitter taste and is usually soluble in water and alcohol.
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Amadeo of Savoy-Aosta
DUKE OF, Italian explorer; born in Madrid, Jan. 29, 1873; nephew of King Humbert; in May, 1899, he started on an expedition, in the specially prepared steamer "Star of Italy," for Franz Josef Land, intending, when frozen in, to use sledges in a search for the North Pole and the balloon explorer, Dr. Andrée. He returned to Norway in September, 1900, after having reached a point in latitude 86° 33′ N., surpassing Nansen's farthest N. record by 19'. In 1906 he led an expedition into equatorial Africa. A personal feat was the climbing of Mt. Ruwenzori, 16,600 feet high, whose summit, so far as known, had never before been reached. In 1909, he reached the top of Mt. Austen in India, 24,000 feet. During the war with Tripoli, he headed an Italian squadron operating in the Adriatic and Mediterranean. At the outbreak of the World War, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Italian navy, and after the entrance of his own country into the conflict in May, 1915, he acted in co-operation with the allied admirals in controlling the waters of southern Europe.
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Amadis of Gaul
an ancient Spanish or Portuguese romance, comparable with the British tales of Arthur and his Round Table Knights. It is thought to have taken form in the hands of a Portuguese writer, himself a knight, about a hundred years before the discovery of America. For the story itself, it is impossible to give a summary of it--the plot being too disconnected; but he who has read one such tale, or even a few chapters of one, may have a general impression of all--hacking and hewing in every page, knights always at war and seeking adventures, giants in the path, lions in the forest, damsels in durance, castles to be attacked, wizards and witches with hate in their hearts, kings everywhere plentiful as blackberries, and lovely ladies abounding in tenderness.--Southey.
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Amaimon
One of the four spirits who preside over the four parts of the universe. Amaimon, according to the magicians, was the governor of the eastern part.
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Amaithea
The nurse of the infant Zeus ( Jupiter ) in Crete , was, according to some traditions, the goat which suckled Zeus, and was rewarded by being placed among the stars. According to others, Zeus broke off one of the horns of the goat, and endowed it with the wonderful power of becoming filled with whatever the possessor might wish. Hence this horn was commonly called the horn of plenty, or cornucopia, and it was used in **later times as the symbol of plenty in general. Amastris.Wife of Xerxes and mother of Artaxerxes I.
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Amalfi
a city and seaport, in the province of Salerno, Italy; on the Gulf of Salerno; 22 miles S. E. of Naples. It was founded in the 4th century; was the birthplace of Flavio Gioja, the inventor of the mariner's compass; became the capital of the republic; and attained very large commercial importance. It contained a cathedral with bronze doors cast in Constantinople in 1066, and a Capuchin monastery. On Dec. 24, 1899, a portion of the rocks and land facing the Gulf suddenly slid into the water, carrying down the ancient monastery building and other structures. Pop. about 7,000.
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