Anti-Masonic Party
a political organization in opposition to Freemasonry. In 1826 William Morgan, a Freemason, living in Batavia, N. Y., was suspected of being in league with other Masons in preparing a revelation of Masonic secrets. The report that Morgan, who had disappeared suddenly, had been abducted and drowned, caused much excitement, which finally gave rise to a political party. By 1832 the party had spread to other States and William Wirt was nominated for President, and Amos Ellmaker for Vice-President. This ticket was carried in Vermont only. In 1832 the party nearly elected Joseph Ritner Governor of Pennsylvania, and, in 1835, through a split in the Democratic Party, did elect him. From then on it disappeared as suddenly as it had come into existence. ANTI-MILITARISM. See MILITARISM.
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Anti-Rent Party
a party which gained some political influence in New York, and which had its origin in the refusal of tenants, who were dissatisfied with the patroon system in vogue in 1839, to pay rent. The matter was settled by compromise in 1850.
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Anti-Saloon League
an organization whose activities were undoubtedly the chief factor in the promotion of nation-wide prohibition under a Constitutional Amendment and the Volstead act which went into effect Jan. 16, 1920. The first step was the formation of the Anti- Saloon League of Ohio, chiefly through the labors of Dr. Howard H. Russell at Oberlin, in 1893. The basic idea was that the work so far had all been done under moral and religious auspices-by the churches, the W. C. T. U., and like organizations; that the results in the Prohibition party were of slow growth, and that a live organization was needed to influence political thought and action directly. The prime aim of the League was to take the prohibition movement immediately into the sphere of politics. Up to that time the work had been chiefly educational, and results were slow in coming. The League frankly declared the liquor traffic to be a political issue and started out from the beginning to attack it in that way. The only way to get prohibition was by laws-the only way to get the laws was to directly influence public opinion to elect the men who would make
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Anti-Semites
the modern opponents of the Jews in Russia, Rumania, Hungary, and eastern Germany. An Anti-Semitic League was formed in Berlin in 1881 to restrict the liberty of Jews in Germany. The Emperor interfered to stop the cowardly persecution, but not before thousands of Jews had left the country. The persecution in Russia assumed a more brutal character than in Germany, and thousands of Jews fled to the United States, Spain, and elsewhere. In Hungary violent anti-Jewish riots occurred at Pesth, Zala, and elsewhere, which were not brought to an end until martial law was proclaimed. There is a strong anti-Semitic party feeling in France which the Dreyfus affair served to foster, and it is growing in some quarters in England. Anti-Semitism has come to the fore again in the form of riots and attacks on Jews and their property as a result of the World War. This was especially true in Poland, Austria, Hungary, Rumania, and certain sections of Germany.
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Anti-Trade
a name given to any of the upper tropical winds which move northward or southward in the same manner as the trade-winds which blow beneath them in the opposite direction. These great aërial currents descend to the surface after they have passed the limits of the trade-winds, and form the S. W. or W. S. W. winds of the N. temperate, and the N. W. or W. N. W. winds of the S. temperate zones. It is the anti-trade winds that are most notable in the meteorology of the United States.
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Anticosti
an island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which it divides into two channels, with lighthouses at different parts of the coast, and about 140 miles long, and 30 miles broad in the center, of them. Area, 3,147 square miles. Anticosti has two harbors, Ellice bay, near the W. end, and Fox bay in the N. W. The climate is severe; while the surface is an alternation of rocks and swamps. It is visited by fishermen in the summer, but there are hardly any inhabitants save lighthouse keepers and a few officials. The island, which is attached to the Canadian province of Quebec, has considerable salmon, trout, cod, and herring fisheries, and is a resort for seal and bear hunting. Extensive peat deposits are found in Anticosti. Marl also occurs. M. Henri Menier, a French manufacturer, purchased the island in 1895 as a game preserve. Pop. about 250.
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Antidote
. See Poison
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Antifebrin
acetanilid (C&H,NO), an aniline derived from acetate of aniline at an elevated temperature by a dialytic action in which water is set free. It has been employed with excellent results as a pain-reliever in neuralgic and rheumatic affections, as a sedative febrifuge and antipyretic.
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Antifriction Metal
a name given to various alloys of tin, zinc, copper, antimony, lead, etc., which oppose little resistance to motion, with great resistance to the effects of friction, so far as concerns the wearing away of the surfaces of contact. Babbitt's metal (50 parts tin, 5 antimony, 1 copper) is one
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Antigo
a city of Wisconsin, in Langlade co. It is on the Chicago and Northwestern railroad and on Spring Brook river. It is the center of an important agricultural and lumbering region and has important industries, including the manufacture of wooden ware, flour mills, sawmills, wagon works, etc. It has a teachers' training school, a school for the blind, and a Carnegie library. Pop. (1910) 7,196; (1920) 8,451.
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Antigonus
one of the generals of Alexander the Great, born about 382 B. C. After the death of Alexander, Antigonus obtained Greater Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia as his dominion. Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus, alarmed by his ambition, united themselves against him; and a long series of contests ensued in Syria, Phœnicia, Asia Minor, and Greece, ending in 301 B. C. with the battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, in which Antigonus was defeated and slain.
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Antigua
one of the British West Indies, the most important of the Leeward group; 28 miles long, 20 broad; area, 108 square miles; discovered by Columbus, 1493. Its shores are high and rocky; the surface is varied and fertile. The capital, St. John (pop. about 10,000), is the residence of the governor of the Leeward Islands. The staple articles of export are sugar, molasses, rum. Pop., including Barbuda and Redonda, about 40,000.
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