Abred
The innermost of three concentric circles representing the totality of being in the British Celtic cosmogony. (See Celts .) The stage of struggle and evolution against Cythrawl, the power of evil. (See also Barddas.)
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Abruzzi and Molise
a political division of Italy, including the provinces of Aquila, Teramo, Chieti, and Campobasso. The Abruzzi is wild and mountainous, the Apennines here reaching their loftiest heights, in Gran Sa Sasso d'Italia nearly 10,000 feet, in the N., and Majella over 9,000, in the S. Cattleraising is its chief industry. The Molise, comprising the province of Campobasso, yields considerable grain and fruit. cons Asphalt deposits occur there. The area is 6,387 square miles. Pop. about 1,550,000.
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Abscess
a gathering of pus in any tissue or organ of the body. It is so called because there is an abscessus (=a going away or departure) of portions of the animal tissue from each other to make room for the suppurated matter lodged between them. It results from the softening of the natural tissues, and the exudations thus produced.
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Absentee Landlord
a term applied to land owners who live abroad. The term was originally applied to the owners of Irish estates, who lived customarily in London or elsewhere, managing their property through resident agents. Many Irish riots may be traced to the hard dealings of agents under instructions to collect rents to be expended, as the peasantry thought, and no doubt justly, in more or less riotous living. The evil of absenteeism has been remedied in Ireland by an act authorizing tenants of lands to purchase their holdings at a fair value, the money for that purpose being loaned them, on the land as security, by the government. A somewhat similar state of absenteeism existed in Hungary after its union with Austria; but of late the Hungarian nobles have shown more pride in residing amongst their own people. In America the term is used to refer to wealthy Americans who prefer to live abroad on the income derived from their American property. See Ireland
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Absinthe
an alcoholic beverage. It is prepared from alcohol by the addition of oil of wormwood and other aromatic oils, particularly the oil of anise. Its characteristic constitutent, however, is the somewhat poisonous oil of wormwood, to which the deleterious properties of the cordial are attributable. The green color of the liquor, due in part to the oil of wormwood, is heightened by the addition of the juice of spinach, nettles, or parsley. Most samples of absinthe also contain sugar. On the addition of water the essential oils are thrown out of solution and the liquid becomes turbid. The cordial is taken by adding a small portion to a glass of water. It is consumed largely in France, but its use has extended to England and America. Absinthe is considered a pernicious beverage. It is believed to undermine the system, to bring on the alcohol habit, and to produce dementia more rapidly and certainly than any other liquor known. Its use is increasing rapidly. The sales in France for 1905 amounted to 4,557,529 gallons. French scientists speak of absinthe as the "green peril." The French government forbids its use by officers of the army and navy, and Switzerland forbids its manufacture or sale. See Alcohol ; Artemisia
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Absolute Time
Time irrespective of local standards or epochs; time reckoned for all places from some one common epoch; as all spectators see a lunar eclipse at the same instant of absolute time.
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Absolution
in ecclesiastical usage, the freeing from sin or its penalties.
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Absorption
the act, operation, or process of absorbing, sucking in, or swallowing anything, or otherwise causing it to disappear in another body. Absorption by organized bodies is the taking up or imbibing, by means of their tissues, of material suitable for their nourishment. In chemistry, absorption is the taking up of a gas by a liquid, or by a porous solid; and in natural philosophy it is the taking up rays of light and heat by certain bodies through which they are passing. Absorption of heat is the retention and consequent disappearance of rays of heat in passing into or through a body colder than themselves. Absorption of the earth is a term used by Kircher and others for the subsidence of tracts of land produced by earthquakes or other natural agencies.
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Abstinence
the act or habit of refraining from something to which we have a propensity, or in which we find pleasure; but it is more particularly applied to the privation or sparing use of food. Abstinence has been enjoined and practiced for various ends, as sanitary, moral, or religious. Abstinence of flesh on certain days is obligatory in the Roman Catholic Church.
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Abstraction
the act of dragging or drawing away or separating. In distillation, it is the operation of separating the volatile parts in distillation from those which do not pass into vapor at the temperature to which the vessel has been raised. In mental philosophy, it is the act of withdrawing the consciousness from a number of objects with a view to concentrate it on some particular one.
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Absyrtus
Son of Aetes, king of Colchis and brother of Medea . According to the common account he accompanied Medea in her flight with Jason from Colchis, but was murdered by his sister and his body cut in pieces and scattered over the water in order that Aetes might be delayed in gathering up the limbs of his murdered son.
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Abt
FRANZ, (äpt), a German song writer; born in Saxony, Dec. 22, 1819. He studied theology at Leipsic, but abandoned it for music. In 1841 he became kapellmeister at the court theater at Bernburg; shortly afterward relinquishing the post for a similar one in Zurich, where he remained till 1852. In 1882 he retired to Wiesbaden. Many of his songs (for example, "When the Swallows Homeward Fly," "Good Night, Thou Child of My Heart," "O Ye Tears," etc.), have endeared themselves to the heart of the people all over the world. He died March 31, 1885.
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Abu
a mountain, 5,650 feet, in the territory of Serohee, Rajputana, India, a detached granite mass rising like an island from the plain of Marwar, near the Aravalli ridge. It is a celebrated place of pilgrimage.
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