Ariovistus
A German chief, who had conquered a great part of Gaul, but was defeated by Caesar , and driven across the Rhine , в. C. 58 Ariovistus escaped across the river in a small boat.
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Single-source entries: A (72)
Each of these 10 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
Aristaeus
Son of Apollo and Cyrene, was born in Libya. He afterwards went to Thrace, where he fell in love with Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus . The latter, while fleeing from him, perished by the bite of a serpent. He was regarded as the protector of flocks and shepherds, of vine and olive plantations: he taught men to keep bees, and averted from the fields the burning heat of the sun and other causes of destruction.
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Aristarchus
a Greek grammarian, who criticized Homer's poems with the greatest severity, and established a new text; for which reason severe and just critics are often called Aristarchi. He was born in the island of Samothrace, and lived at Alexandria, about 750 b. c. He died at Cyprus, aged 72.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Aristippus
a disciple of Socrates, and founder of a philosophical school among the Greeks, which was called the Cyrenaic, from his native city Cyrene, in Africa; flourished in 380 b. c. His moral philosophy differed widely from that of Socrates, and was a science of refined voluptuousness. His fundamental principles were that all human sensations may be reduced to two, pleasure and pain. Pleasure is a gentle, and pain a violent emotion. All living beings seek the former, and avoid the latter. Happiness is nothing but a continued pleasure, composed of separate gratifications; and as it is the object of all human exertions, we should abstain from no kind of pleasure. Still we should always be governed by taste and reason in our enjoyments. His doctrines were taught only by his daughter Arete, and by his grandson Aristippus the younger, by whom they were systematized. Other Cyrenaics compounded them into a particular doctrine of pleasure, and are hence called Hedonici. The time of his death is unknown. His writings are lost.
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Aristobulus
name of several royal personages of Judea: ARISTOBULUS I., son of John Hyrcanus, high priest of the Jews; from 105-104 B. C. King of Judea. He is supposed to have been the first of the Hasmoneans to take the title of king. In the single year of his reign he conquered portions of Iturea and Trachonitis, and compelled the people to accept Judaism. ARISTO- BULUS II., son of Alexander Jannænus, was named as high priest by his mother, Queen Regent Alexandra, while to Hyrcanus II., his elder brother, the throne was given. In a contest for the throne, he was defeated by Pompey in 63 b. c. and carried captive to Rome. He died about 30 b. C. ARISTOBULUS III. was the grandson of Hyrcanus II.; his sister, Mariamne, was the wife of Herod I., who appointed him high priest, but, fearing his popularity, had him assassinated about 30 B. C. ARISTOBULUS III. was the last male of the Hasmonean family.
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Aristocracy
a form of government by which the wealthy and noble, or any small privileged class, rules over the rest of the citizens; now mostly applied to the nobility or chief persons in a state.
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Aristogeiton
a citizen of Athens, whose name is rendered famous by a conspiracy (514 b. C.) formed in conjunction with his friend Harmodius against the tyrants Hippias and Hipparchus, the sons of Pisistratus. Both Aristogeiton and Harmodius lost their lives through their attempts to free the country and were reckoned martyrs of liberty.
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Aristoteles
A famous philosopher, son of Nicomachus, born at Stagira . He went to Athens to hear Plato 's lectures, where he soon signalized himself by his genius. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of truth, and Cicero complimented him for his eloquence, fecundity of thought, and universal knowledge. He died in his sixty-third year, B. C. 322. The term Stagirite has been applied to Aristotle from the name of his birthplace. Pope, in his Essay on Criticism, thus alludes to him under this name: "And rules as strict his labor'd work confine, As if the Stagirite o'erlooked each line."
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Aristotle
the most renowned of Greek philosophers, born at Stagira, Macedonia, 384 B. C.; was for 20 years a student of philosophy in the school of Plato at Athens, but at the same time a teacher. After Plato's death, he opened a school of philosophy at the court of Hermias, King of Atarneus, in Mysia, whose adopted daughter ghter he he after- afte ward married. At the invitation of Philip of Macedon, he undertook the education of his son, Alexander. When Alexander succeeded to the throne, the philosopher returned to Athens and opened a school in the Lyceum. From being held in the covered walk (peripatos) of the Lyceum, the school obtained the name of the Peripatetic. The number of his separate treatises is given by Diogenes Laertius as 146; only 46 separate works bearing the name of the philosopher have come down to our time. He died at Chalcis, Eubœa, in the year 322 b. c. ARISTOTLE
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Aristœus
A charlatan who lived in the time of Cresus. He said that his soul would leave his body whenever he wished, and then return to it. Some maintain that it escaped in the sight of his wife and children in the figure of a stag. Wierius said that it took the shape of a crow. However that may be, Herodotus relates in his fourth book that Aristaus entering one day into a fuller's shop, fell dead therein, that the fuller ran to break the news to his parents, who came to bury him. But no corpse was to be found. The whole town was astonished, when some men returning from a voyage assured them that they had met Aristæus on the way to Crotona. It appeared that he was a species of vampire. Herodotus adds that he reappeared at the end of seven years, composed a poem and died anew. Leloyer, who regarded Aristœus as a sorcerer or ecstatic, quoted a certain Apollonius, who said that at the same hour as the vampire disappeared for the second time, he was transported to Sicily, where he became a schoolmaster. He is again heard of three hundred and forty years afterwards in the town of Metapontus, where he caused to be raised certain monuments which were to be seen in the time of Herodotus. So many wonderful happenings inspired the Sicilians with awe, and they raised a temple to him and worshipped him as a demi-god.
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