Single-source entries: A (74)

Armagh

a city, and capiital of Armagh co., Ireland; and the archiepiscopal seat of the Primate of all Ireland; 70 miles N. W. of Dublin. It is said to have been founded by St. Patrick, A. D. 450. Pop. about 7,000.

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Armature

armor worn for the defense of the body, or, more frequently, the armor in which some animals are enveloped for their protection against their natural foes. In magnetism, the armatures, called also the keepers, of a magnetic bar are pieces of soft iron placed in contact with its pol poles. These, by being acted on inductively, become magnets, and, reacting in their turn, not merely preserve, but even increase, the magnetism of the original bar. Magnets thus provided are said to be armed. Sometimes an armature is made of steel and is permanently magnetized. Such an armature is termed a polarized armature, and is used in various appliances, magneto generators, telegraphic instruments, etc. In dynamic electricity, the armature is the shaft or central revolving arm of an electric generator, by the movement of which the current is generated. In electricity (a) the internal and external armatures, or coatings of a Leyden jar, and the coatings of tinfoil on its interior, and part of its exterior, surface; (b) Siemens' armature or bobbin, an armature designed for magneto-electrical machines, in which the insulated wire is wound longitudinally on the core, instead of transversely, as is the ordinary arrangement. In architecture, iron bars, employed for the consolidation of a building.

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Armed Neutrality

the condition of affairs when a nation assumes a threatening position, and maintains an armed force to repel any aggression on the part of belligerent nations between which it is neutral. This condition prevailed between the United States and Germany for several weeks in 1917, prior to the declaration of war on April 6.

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Armenius

. See Hermann Arminius (1560-1609), a distinguished Dutch theologian. His original name was Hermanson, but after the Latinizing fashion of the day he thought Arminius more scholarly. Arminius was a profound student, a genial, public-spirited clergyman. He was exceedingly tolerant in his views, and upheld popular education. Interest in Arminius centers in his opposing the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination with the Arminian doctrine of free will. He became professor of theology in the University of Leyden.

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Armida

The episode of Armida, in Tasso, is founded on a popular tradition related by Pierre Delancre. This skilful enchantress was the daughter of Arbilan, King of Damascus. She was brought up by an uncle, a great magician, who taught his niece to become a powerful sorceress. Nature had so well endowed her that for personal attractions she far surpassed the most beautiful women of the East. Her uncle sent her as a worthy foe against the powerful Christian army that Pope Urban XI. had collected under the leadership of Godfrey de Bouillon. And there, says Delancre, she made such havoc with her beautiful eyes, and so charmed the principal leaders of the crusaders, that she almost ruined the hopes of the Christians. She kept the valiant knight Renaud for a long time in an enchanted castle, and it was not without great difficulty that he was disenchanted.

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Armillary Sphere

an astronomical instrument consisting of an arrangement of rings, all circles of one sphere, intended to represent the principal circles of the celestial globe, the rings standing for the meridian of the station, the ecliptic, the tropics, the Arctic and the Antarctic circles, etc., in their relative positions. Its main use is to give a representation of the apparent motions of the solar system.

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Arminius

or HERMANN, who by found refuge in his intrepidity and success acquired the other places. After title of "the Deliverer of Germany," was again tolerated son of Segimer, a chief of Cherusci. Havthat time tin, their ing been sent to Rome as a hostage, considerable he was there educated, served in the a build on the neces- Roman army and for his valor was and good works, raised to citizenship and knighted. But interpret the Holy his attachment to his native country in- The Arminians duced him to revolt and he became one tween two countries of the most powerful leaders of the disto particular places contented German nations. He drew armies or between Varus, the Roman commander on the and its assailants. Rhine, into that ambuscade in which he rily requires ratification and nearly all his troops were slain, and completely baffled Germanicus; but, is in the power of respective troops after having for years withstood the vast ther power of Rome, Arminius was assassi-

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Armomancy

A method of divination which is effected by the inspection of the shoulders. The ancients judged by this means whether a victim was suitable for sacrifice to the gods.

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Armor-Piercing Shells

projectiles so constructed as to bore through the metallic plates with which modern ships of war are coated. It has been stated as an axiom that any armor-plate which may be carried on a ship may be penetrated. A Kruppized plate, eight inches thick, resisted a shell striking it with a velocity of 2,300 feet a second, but a capped ball moving at the rate of 2,500 feet pierced it. A Harveyized plate has been pierced to the depth of 14 inches by a six-inch projectile. Steel, though costlier than chilled iron, for projectiles is in every way superior. Chilled iron shells often break up before the charge explodes. The steelshell casing, moreover, because it can be rolled thinner, can carry a much heavier charge.

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Armory

a building used for the housing, assembling, and drilling of troops, for the storage of arms and equipment, or for purposes of defense. In the United States the term is generally employed in speaking of local headquarters of the National Guard.

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Armour

PHILIP DANFORTH, an American merchant and philanthropist, born in Stockbridge, N. Y., May 16, 1832; received a common school educa- CAP HARD FACE STEEL CASING EXPLOSIVE HIGH OB ROTATING BAND 5 ↑ FUSE ARMOR-PIERCING SHELL 1117 tion; was a miner in California in 1852- 1856; in the commission business in Milwaukee in 1856-1863; and later became the head of a large meat-packing concern in Chicago. He founded the Armour Mission and the Armour Institute of Technology, both in Chicago; the former at a cost of about $ 250,000, and the latter with an endowment of $1,500,000, subsequently increased. He died Jan. 6, 1901. ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECH- NOLOGY, a coeducational (non-sectarian) institution, founded in Chicago, Ill., by Philip D. Armour, in 1893; 1893; reported in 1919: Professors, 67; students, 615; graduates, 1,216; president, F. W. Gunsaulus, D. D.

JONATHAN OGDEN, an American capitalist, born in Milwaukee in 1863. He studied at Yale, but without having completed his course, he entered the meat-packing business of his father, Philip D. Armour, and on the death of the latter became head of the firm of Armour & Co. In this capacity he came in constant conflict with committees appointed to investigate the meat-packing bu business, from 1914 to 1920. He strongly defended the course of the meat packers throughout the war in newspapers and periodicals. He wrote "The Packers and the People" (1906).

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