Arnold, Thomas
Thomas (1795-1842), an English scholar and educator. He was educated chiefly in the public school of Winchester and at Oxford University. He prepared himself for the ministry of the Church of England, but received an appointment as a fellow of Oriel College and made a reputation by preparing young men to enter the university. In 1828 he was made head-master of Rugby School. He is known chiefly by his remarkable work in that institution. He was considered liberal in his views. He favored the introduction of scientific and historical subjects, without, however, displacing the classics, for the teaching of which Rugby was noted. The graduates of the school carried off prizes in the universities and Arnold's reputation became very great. Dean Stanley, one of his old students, edited The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold. Thomas Hughes' Tom Brown at Rugby gives an excellent view of Rugby and Dr. Arnold at their best.
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Arnolfo Di Cambio
or DI LAPO, an Italian architect and sculptor, born in Florence, in 1232. The most celebrated of his architectural works are the churches of Santa Croce, the Cathedral, and Or San Michele, at Florence, in which the gradual transition from the Gothic severity to the Italian elegance is markedly represented. This structure was completed, after the death of Arnolfo, by Brunelleschi, between 1420 and 1444. He died in 1300.
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Arnon
a river in Palestine, the boundary between the country of the Moabites and that of the Amorites, latterly of the Israelites, a tributary of the Dead Sea. ARNOTTO. (1) The waxy-looking pulp which envelops the seeds in the arnotto tree. This is detached by throwing the seed into water, after which it is dried partially, and made up first into soft pellets, rolled in leaves, in which state it is called flag, or roll arnotto. Afterward, becoming quite dry, it is formed into cakes, and becomes cake arnotto. The South American Indians color their bodies red with it; farmers here and elsewhere use it to stain cheese; in Holland, the Dutch employ it to color butter; the Spaniards put it in their chocolot late and soups; dyers use it to produce a reddish color, and varnish makers, to impart an orange tint to some varnishes. As a medicine, it is slightly purgative and stomachic. This substance is very frequently adulterated. (2) In botany, the arnotto tree, the bixa orellana of Linnæus, has a fivedentate calyx, 10 petals, many hypogynous stamina, and a two-valved hispid capsule. It is from 20 to 30 feet in height, and grows in tropical America. It is the type of the old order bixaceæ, now more generally called flacourtiaceӕ.
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Arnoux
Author of a volume published at Rouen, in 1630, with the title of On the Wonders of the Other World, a work written in a bizarre style, and calculated to disturb feeble imaginations with its tales of visions and apparitions.
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Arnulf
a great-grandson of Charlethemagne, elected King of Germany in A. D. 887; invaded Italy, captured Rome, and crowned Emperor by the Pope was (896); died A. D. 899. AROMATIC. (1) In chemistry, acids whose radical has the form CH2-8029 as the benzoic, the toluic, and the cummic, or cumic. There are also aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and ketones. (2) A plant pla or a substance which exhales a fragrant odor, conjoined in general with a warm, pungent taste.
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Arnuphis
An Egyptian sorcerer who, seeing Marcus Aurelius and his army engaged in a pass whose entrance had been closed by their enemies, and dying of thirst under a burning sky, caused a miraculous rain to fall, which allowed the Romans to quench their thirst, while the thunder and hail obliged the enemy to give up their arms.
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Aromatic Vinegar
a very volatile and powerful perfume, made by adding the essential oils of lavender, cloves, ves, etc., and often camphor, to crystallizable acetic acid. It is a powerful excitant in fainting, languor, and headache.
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Aroostook
an American river; rises in Piscataquis co., Me.; flows more than 120 miles in a circuitous course, receiving many important tributaries; and enters the St. John River in New Brunswick. It was an important factor in the settlement of the long-pending dispute concerning the boundary between the United States and British America. AROUET. See VOLTAIRE.
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Arpad
the conqueror of Hungary, and founder of the Arpad dynasty, which pean reinforcement. Pop. about 50,000. reigned till 1301, was born in the second half of the 9th century. He was the son of Almus, whom the seven Magyar clans dwelling in the steppes N. E. of the awer Caspian Sea had elected their hereditary chief about 889. Thus united into one nation, the Magyars, mustering about 25,000 warriors, crossed the Carpathians and conquered Hungary, when Arpad was elected their prince. Arpad was unable completely to transform their nomadic hordes into an agricultural nation. He died in 907.
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Arpeggio
the distinct sound of the notes of an instrumental chord; the striking the notes of a chord in rapid succession, as in the manner of touching the harp instead of playing them simultaneously.
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Arpent
formerly a French measure for land, equal to five-sixths of an English acre; but varying in different parts of France.
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Arphaxat
A Persian sorcerer, who was killed by a thunderbolt, according to Abdias of Babylon, at the same hour as the martyrdom of St. Simon and St. Jude. In the account of the possession of the nuns of Loudun there is a demon Arphaxat, who took possession of the body of Louise de Pinterville.
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Arpino
a town of south Italy, province of Caserta, 94 miles N. W. of Naples. It is the ancient Arpinum, birthplace of Caius Marius, Agrippa, and Cicero; pop. about 10,000.
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Arpinum
A town of Latium on the small river Fibrenus, originally belonging to the Volscians and afterwards to the Samnites, was a Roman municipium, and received the jus suffragii, or right of voting in the Roman comitia, B. C. 188. It was the birthplace of Marius and Cicero.
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Arqua
a town of north Italy, 12 miles S. W. of Padua, in which province it is situated. It is famous for having been the residence of Petrarch ng during the greater part of his life, and the place where he died in 1374. His sarcophagus is still to be seen.
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