Each of these 15 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
in grammar, a part of speech used before nouns to limit or define their application. In English a, or an, is usually called the indefinite article (the latter form being used before a vowel sound), and the, the definite article, but they are also described as adjectives. An was originally the same as one, and the as that. In Latin there were no articles, and Greek has only the definite article.
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the title of the compact which was made by the 13 original States of the United States of America. It was adopted and carried into force on March 1, 1781, and remained as the supreme law until the first Wednesday of March, 1789.
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a code of laws for the regulation of the military forces of a country. Those of Great Britain and Ireland were issued prior to 1879, in pursuance of the annually renewed mutiny act. In 1879 the army discipline act consolidated the provisions of the mutiny act with the articles of war. This act was amended in 1881, and now the complete military code is contained in the army act of 1881. In the United States, the articles of war form an elaborate code, thoroughly revised in 1880, but subject at all times to the legislation of Congress. In 1911, the articles were again revised, but no important changes were made. The purpose was to bring the military courts in harmony with the civil courts. Provision was made for the transfer of military delinquents from the civil to the military courts, etc.
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Cuvier's name for the third great division or sub-kingdom of animals. The species so designated have their bodies divided into rings, with the muscles attached to their interior. Their nervous system consists of two cords extending along the under part of their body, and swelled out at regular intervals into knots or ganglia. One of these is the brain, which is not much larger than the other ganglia.
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in anatomy, a joint; the joining or junction of the bones. This is of three kinds: (1) Diarthrosis, or a movable connection, such as the ball-andsocket joint; (2) Synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; (3) Symphysis, or union by means of another substance, by a cartilage, tendon, or ligament.
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products of an industry which has been carried to a wonderful degree of perfection, the imitation of natural flowers being so exact as to mislead even artists. The French excel in the manufacture of these pretty frivolities. This industry has been successfully carried on in the United States, where a large number of girls are constantly employed in making artificial flowers.
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institutions established for the purpose of giving a special training to the officers, and, in some cases, the men, belonging to the artillery service. In Great Britain the artillery schools are at Woolwich and Shoeburyness. An artillery school at Fort Monroe, Va., first established in 1823, discontinued, re-established in 1867, discontinued again in 1898, and again reopened in 1900, gives instruction, both theoretical and practical. The artillery regiments of the regular army have each one foot-battery at the school; term of instruction, one year. A school of five for field artillery was opened at Fort Sill in 1911. All of the other important artillery powers have artillery schools, France at Fontainebleau, England at Woolwich, Italy at Natturno, etc. ARTOCARPACEÆ, a natural order of plants, the bread-fruit order, by some botanists ranked as a sub-order of the urticaceæ, or nettles. They are trees or shrubs, with a milky juice, which in some species hardens into caoutchouc, and in the cow tree (brosimum galactodendron) is a milk as good as that obtained from a cow. Many of the plants produce an edible fruit, of which the best known is the bread-fruit (artocarpus).
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a former province of France, anciently one of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands, now almost completely included in the department of Pas de Calais.
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a genus of plants belonging to the order araceæ, or arads. It contains the well known A. maculatum, the cuckoo-print (meaning point), lords and ladies, or wake robin. The solitary spikes of bright scarlet berries may often be seen under hedges in winter, after the leaves and spadix have disappeared. They are poisonous. The rhizomes are used in Switzerland for soap. There is in them an amylaceous substance, which after the acrid matter has been pressed out, may be employed in lieu of bread flour.
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THOMAS, third son of Richard Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, born in 1352, died in 1413. He was Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury. He concerted with Bolingbroke to deliver the nation from the oppression of Richard II., and was a bitter persecutor of the Lollards and followers of Wyclif.
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a society instituted in London in 1848 for promoting the knowledge of art by the publication of fac-similes and photographs. It was discontinued in 1897, but revived in 1904 under the name of Arundel Club. of Linnæan
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a series of ancient sculptured marbles discovered by William Petty, who explored the ruins of Greece at the expense of and for Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, who lived in the time of James I. and Charles I. After the Restoration they were presented by the grandson of the collector to the University of Oxford. Among them is the "Parian Chronicle," a chronological account of the principal events in Grecian, and particularly in Athenian, history, during a period of Cecrops 1318 years, from the reign of Cecr (1450 B. c.) to the archonship of Diognetus (264 b. c.).
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genus a One species (A. donax) supgrasses. plies material for fishing-rods, and is imported for the purpose from the S. of Europe, where it is ind indigenous. The striped-leaved variety, formerly more common than it now is in gardens, is called gardener's garters.
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or HA- RUSPICES, a class of priests in ancient Rome, of Etrurian origin, whose business was to inspect the entrails of victims killed in sacrifice, and by them to foretell future events.
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a large river of equatorial Africa, a tributary of the Kongo, which it enters from the N. ARVAL BROTHERS (fratres or company of arvales), a college 12 members elected for life from the highest ranks in ancient Rome, so called from offering annually public sacrifices for the fertility of the fields.
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