Atwater
WILBER OLIN, an American chemist, born in Johnsburg, N. Y., May 3, 1844; was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1865; made a special study of chemistry in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale and the Universities of Leipsic and Berlin; became Professor of Chemistry in East Tennessee University in 1873; was director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in 1875-1877, and was appointed director of the Storrs (Conn.) Experiment Station in 1887. He was connected for several years with the United States Department of Agriculture. He died in 1907.
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Atwood, George
George (1746-1807), an English mathematician and inventor. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, in which he was afterward a tutor. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and held a position in the British patent office under Mr. Pitt. He contributed a number of papers to the Philosophical Transactions, also some treatises on philosophical subjects. He is of interest to the schoolboy as the inventor of Atwood's machine, a device to verify the laws of the acceleration of motion for falling bodies .
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Atziluth
One of the three worlds of the Kabala; the supreme circle; the perfect revelation. According to Eliphas Levi, it is represented in the Apocalypse by the head of the mighty angel with the face of a sun. 6
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Aube
a N. E. French department; area, 2,326 square miles; pop about 240,000. The surface is undulating, and watered by the Aube, etc. The N. and N. W. districts are bleak and infertile, the S. districts remarkably fertile. A large extent of ground is under forests and vineyards, and the soil is admirable for grain, pulse, and hemp. The chief manufactures are worsted and hosiery. Troyes is the capital. The river Aube, which gives name to the department, rises in Haute-Marne, flows N. W., and, after a course of 113 miles, joins the Seine. Capital, Troyes.
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Auber
DANIEL FRANCOIS ES- PRIT (ō-bā'), a French operatic composer, born Jan. 29, 1782, at Caen, in Normandy; studied under Cherubini. His first great success was his opera "La Bergère Châtelaine," produced in 1820. In 1822 he had associated himself with Scribe as librettist, and other operas followed. Chief among them were "Masaniello; or La Muette de Portici" (1828); "Fra Diavolo" (1830); "Lestocq" ود (1834); "L'Ambassadrice" (1836); "Le Domino Noir" (1837); "Les Diamants de la Couronne" (1841); "Marco Spada" (1853); "La Fiancée du Roi de Garbe" (1864). Despite his success in "Masaniello" his peculiar field was comic opera. He died in Paris, May 13, 1871.
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Auch
an ancient town of France; capital of the department of Gers; on the Gers river; 43 miles S. of Agen. In the time of Cæsar's invasion it was the capital of the Ausci or Auscii. It contains an archbishop's palace, a Gothic cathedral, public library, royal college, museum of natural science and a town hall. It is also noted for its manufactures of cotton stuffs, leather, linen, etc. Pop. about 14,000.
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Auchenia
a genus of mammalia of the order ruminantia and the family camelidæ. It includes the llamas, which are the American representatives of the camels so well known in the Eastern world. They have no dorsal humps, and their toes are completely divided. There are about four species of auchenia: the A. guanaco, or guanaco; the A. glama, or llama; the A. paco , the paco or alpaca; and the A. vicunia, or vicuna.
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Auchterarder
a town in Perthshire, Scotland, with manufactures of tweeds, tartans, etc. The opposition to the presentee to the church of Auch terader (1839) originated the struggle which ended in the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. are 25,746 square miles; the surface is very diversified; volcanic phenomena common, including geysers , hot lakes, etc.; rivers are numerous; wool, timber, kauri-gum, etc., are exported. ex Much gold has been obtained in the Thames Valley and elsewhere. AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, LORD, an English statesman, born April 3, 1744; educated at Eton and Oxford; called to the bar, 1768; Under- Secretary of State 1772, and in 1776. Lord of Trade. In 1778 he was nominated, in conjunction with Lord Howe and others, to act as mediator between Great Britain and the insurgent American colonies. He was afterward Secretary of State for Ireland, Ambassador Extraordinary to France, Ambassador Extraordinary to the Netherlands. He was raised to the peerage in 1788, and died May 28, 1814.
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Auckland
a town in New Zealand, in the North Island, founded in 1840, and situated on Waitemata harbor, one of the finest harbors of New Zealand, where the island is only 6 miles across, there being another harbor (Manukau) on the opposite side of the isthmus. It is about 1,300 miles from Sydney, 1,650 miles from Melbourne , and 5,440 miles from San Francisco. The harbor has two good entrances, with lighthouse; and is defended by batteries. There are numerous wharves and jetties, and a couple of graving docks, one of which the Caldock, opened in 1887-is one of the largest in the whole of the Southern Seas. Its site is picturesque, the streets are spacious and the public buildings, including a university college, are numerous and handsome. It has a large and increasing trade. It was formerly the capital of the colony. Pop., including suburbs, about 125,000. The provincial and daily and weekly kly newspapers. district of Auckland forms the northern Among its public attractions is a statue of the late William H. Seward, who lived part of North Island, with an area of here. Pop. (1910) 34,668; (1920) 36,192. AUBURN THEOLOGICAL SEMI- NARY, a Presbyterian institution in Auburn, N. Y.; organized in 1820; at the close of 1919 had 13 professors and instructors; 45 students; number of graduates, 1,616; president, Rev. G. B. Stewart, D. D.
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Auckland Islands
a group lying in the Pacific Ocean to the S. of New Zealand. The largest of these islands is about 30 miles long by 15 broad, and is covered with dense vegetation. They are almost entirely uninhabited , belong to the British and are a station for whaling ships.
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Aucuba
a genus of plants belonging to the order cornaceæ, or cornels, The only known species is a japonica, A. those of the laurel in form and mottled with yellow.
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