Arrhenius
SVANTE, a Swedish chemist, born in 1849 near Upsala. He was educated in the university of that city and, after teaching for a short time, spent several years abroad carrying on original investigations in physical chemistry. In 1891 he became professor at the University of Stockholm. His contributions to the study of electrolytic phenomena and the chemical and physical properties of substances are of the utmost importance. He established the so-called theory of electrolytic dissociation. Arrhenius wrote much on chemical subjects and in 1907 published a series of lectures delivered at the University of California. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Perhaps his most popular work is "Worlds in the Making" (1908), in which he combatted the theory that the universe is tending to destruction by loss of heat and motion.
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Arria
a celebrated Roman matron, wife of Cæcinna Pætus, consul during the reign of Claudius, about A. D. 41. Pætus having raised an unsuccessful revolt against Claudius, in Illyria, was condemned to die. He was, however, allowed the option of ending his life by suicide, which the Romans did not deem a crime. Pætus hesitated; Arria seized the dagger, plunged it into her bosom, and then presenting it to her husband, said, "It is not painful, Pætus." This, with other instances of her conjugal devotion, has immortalized her.
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Arriaga
MANOEL DE, a Portuguese statesman, born in 1842 at Horta in the Azores. He was educated at the University of Coimbra, and after studying law he practiced in Lisbon. For many years he was a member of the Chamber of Representatives as a Republican. He violently opposed the monarchy and in 1911 took an active part in the establishment of the republic. On Aug. 24 of that year he was elected the first president of Portugal, serving until May 27, 1915, when he resigned as the result of the coup d'état of that year. He was well known as a poet and a writer on economic subjects. He died March 5, 1917.
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Arrianus
A Greek historian and philosopher, was born at Nicomedia in Bithynia , about A. D. 90. He was a pupil and friend of Epictetus, whose lectures he published at
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Arrowhead
a genus of aquatic plants found in all parts of the world within the torrid and temperate zones, natural order alismaceæ, distinguished by possessing barren and fertile flowers, with a three-leaved calyx and three colored petals. The common arrowhead (S. sagittifolia) has a tuberous root, nearly globular, and is known by its arrow-shaped leaves with lanceolate straight lobes.
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Arru Islands
a group of over 80 islands in the Dutch East Indies, lying W. of New Guinea, with a united area of about 2,650 square miles and a population of about 23,000. The largest island is Tanna-Besar (77 miles long by 50 broad). The surface is low, and the coasts are steep and inaccessible, on the E. side fringed with coral reefs. The soil is covered with the most luxuriant vegetation. The islands are remarkably rich in animal life. The inhabitants resemble the Melanesians of New Guinea more than the natives of the Moluccas. There is an active trade, but not in native hands. Cotton and woolen goods, iron and copper wares, Chinese pottery, knives, rum, rice, opium, and arrack are imported, and bartered for mother-ofpearl, trepang, edible nests, pearls, tortoise-shell, and the skins of birds of paradise.
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Ars Notoria
The science of the Tarot (q.v.) signs and their application to the divination of all secrets, whether of nature, of philosophy, or even of the future.
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Ars Poetica
a discourse on poetry by the Latin poet, Horace. See Horace
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Arsaces
founder of the Parthian monarchy. He induced his countrymen to rise against the Macedonian yoke, 250 B. c., on which they raised him to the throne. Arsaces was slain in battle, after a reign of 38 years. He was the first of a long line of monarchs of the same name, the last of whom was put to death about 226 A. D.
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Arsaces Tiranus
King of Armenia, who, being taken prisoner by Sapor, King of Persia, was cast into prison at Ecbatana, where he died 362 B. c. His country then became a Persian province.
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Arsacidae
2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about other peoples, religions, or nationalities that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) Artaxerxes the First. Succeeded to the kingdom of Persia after Xerxes . He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt, which had revolted. He was remarkable for his equity and moderation. Artaxerxes the Second. King of Persia, surnamed Mnemon. His brother Cyrus endeavored to make himself king in his place, and marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 Barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with a large army, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed and his forces routed.
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Art
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF 275 assume the same general laws as science does, yet it follows them only into such of their detailed consequences as have led to certain practical rules, and pries into every secret corner, as well as into the open stores of the household of science, bent on finding out the necessities of which she is in search, and which the exigencies of human life demand. The several arts may be arranged in two groups (a) the mechanical, and, (b) the liberal or fine arts. The mechanical arts are those which may be successfully followed by one who does not possess genius, but has acquired the facility of working with his hands which long practice imparts. Such are the arts of the carpenter, the blacksmith, the watchmaker, etc. They are often called trades. The liberal or fine arts are such as give scope not merely to manual dexterity, but to genius; as music, painting, sculpture, architecture, etc. The seven liberal arts, which, in the palmy days of Rome, plebians were not allowed to study, were thus divided: (1) The Trivium-viz., grammar, rhetoric, and logic. (2) The Quadrivium viz., arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.
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