Arthur (JULIA an American actress born)
JULIA, an American actress, born in Hamilton, Ont., in 1869. She made her first professional appearance in "Richard III." and for three seasons played Shakespearean rôles. Her first New York success was at the Union Square Theater in "The Black Masque." She later took the leading part in several successful plays and was received with equal favor in America and England. She played in Henry Irving's company with Ellen Terry. ry. In 1898 she married Benjamin C. Cheney, Jr., and retired temporarily from the stage, to which, however, she has returned from time to time with considerable success.
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Arthur Bonnicastle
a novel by J. G. Holland. See Holland
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Arthur's Seat
a hill in the vicinity of Edinburgh. It rises to a height of 822 feet above the sea, and commands a fine view of Edinburgh and the ocean. On two sides the hill presents vertical walls. Some prominent veins of basalt are popularly known as "Samson's Ribs." "The Queen's Drive" winds easily to the top. A fine footway along the west side is thus mentioned by Walter Scott: "This path along the Salisbury Crags used to be my favorite evening and morning resort when engaged with an author or a new subject of study." It has been superseded by a drive. Arthur's Seat and its immediate vicinity are associated with Scott's Heart of Midlothian and " Jeanie Deans ." See Scott ; Edinburgh 2026 Editor's Note: Arthur's Seat, an extinct volcano looming over Edinburgh, guards a genuine unsolved mystery: in 1836 boys found seventeen tiny coffins , each holding a little carved figure, hidden in a hillside niche. Their purpose is still unknown — a leading guess ties them to the sixteen victims of the body-snatc hing murderers Burke and Hare. Eight survive in the National Museum of Scotland. (Ed: BR 2026-07-01)
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Arthur, Chester Alan
Chester Alan (1830-1886), the twenty-first president of the United States . Born at Fairfield, Vermont, October 5, 1830. Died in New York City, November 18, 1886. He was a graduate of Union College, and a practicing lawyer in New York. During the Civil War he was a quartermaster general. In politics he was a supporter of the Stalwarts and Roscoe Conkling. In 1880 he was nominated and elected vice-president, and upon Garfield's assassination took oath of office for the presidency. President Arthur was a candidate for the nomination in 1884, but was defeated by Mr. Blaine. His administration was eminently respectable, intelligent, and free from partisanship. See Garfield ; Presidents 2026 Editor's Note: Chester Arthur is the great surprise of the presidency: a spoils-system machine politician whom reformers dreaded, he took office after Garfield was murdered by a rejected office-seeker — and then championed the very reform that ended the spoils system , the 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act . 'No man ever entered the presidency so distrusted, or retired so respected,' one contemporary wrote. (Ed: BR 2026-06-08)
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Article
in grammar, a part of speech used before nouns to limit or define their application. In English a, or an, is usually called the indefinite article (the latter form being used before a vowel sound), and the, the definite article, but they are also described as adjectives. An was originally the same as one, and the as that. In Latin there were no articles, and Greek has only the definite article.
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Articles of Confederation
the title of the compact which was made by the 13 original States of the United States of America. It was adopted and carried into force on March 1, 1781, and remained as the supreme law until the first Wednesday of March, 1789.
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Articles of War
a code of laws for the regulation of the military forces of a country. Those of Great Britain and Ireland were issued prior to 1879, in pursuance of the annually renewed mutiny act. In 1879 the army discipline act consolidated the provisions of the mutiny act with the articles of war. This act was amended in 1881, and now the complete military code is contained in the army act of 1881. In the United States, the articles of war form an elaborate code, thoroughly revised in 1880, but subject at all times to the legislation of Congress. In 1911, the articles were again revised, but no important changes were made. The purpose was to bring the military courts in harmony with the civil courts. Provision was made for the transfer of military delinquents from the civil to the military courts, etc.
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Articulata
Cuvier's name for the third great division or sub-kingdom of animals. The species so designated have their bodies divided into rings, with the muscles attached to their interior. Their nervous system consists of two cords extending along the under part of their body, and swelled out at regular intervals into knots or ganglia. One of these is the brain, which is not much larger than the other ganglia.
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Articulation
in anatomy, a joint; the joining or junction of the bones. This is of three kinds: (1) Diarthrosis, or a movable connection, such as the ball-andsocket joint; (2) Synarthrosis, immovable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; (3) Symphysis, or union by means of another substance, by a cartilage, tendon, or ligament.
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Artificial Flowers
products of an industry which has been carried to a wonderful degree of perfection, the imitation of natural flowers being so exact as to mislead even artists. The French excel in the manufacture of these pretty frivolities. This industry has been successfully carried on in the United States, where a large number of girls are constantly employed in making artificial flowers.
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Artillery
OF CONSTRUCTION, POWDER CHARGE, AND PROJECTILE
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Artillery
FIGURE 2.-THREE 14-INCH GUNS IN A TRIPLE MOUNT, FIRING SIMULTANEOUSLY Enc. Vol. 1-p. 282
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Artillery Schools
institutions established for the purpose of giving a special training to the officers, and, in some cases, the men, belonging to the artillery service. In Great Britain the artillery schools are at Woolwich and Shoeburyness. An artillery school at Fort Monroe, Va., first established in 1823, discontinued, re-established in 1867, discontinued again in 1898, and again reopened in 1900, gives instruction, both theoretical and practical. The artillery regiments of the regular army have each one foot-battery at the school; term of instruction, one year. A school of five for field artillery was opened at Fort Sill in 1911. All of the other important artillery powers have artillery schools, France at Fontainebleau, England at Woolwich, Italy at Natturno, etc. ARTOCARPACEÆ, a natural order of plants, the bread-fruit order, by some botanists ranked as a sub-order of the urticaceæ, or nettles. They are trees or shrubs, with a milky juice, which in some species hardens into caoutchouc, and in the cow tree (brosimum galactodendron) is a milk as good as that obtained from a cow. Many of the plants produce an edible fruit, of which the best known is the bread-fruit (artocarpus).
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