Brandenburg
a province of Prussia, surrounded mainly by Mecklenburg and the provinces of Pomerania, Posen, Silesia, and Prussian Saxony. The soil consists in many parts of barren sands, heaths, and moors; yet the province produces much grain, as well as fruits, hemp, flax, tobacco, etc., and supports many sheep. The forests are very extensive. The principal streams are the Elbe, the Oder, the Havel, and the Spree. Berlin is located in Brandenburg. Area 15,400 square miles, population about 4,000,000, including the city of Berlin. The Old Mark of Brandenburg was bestowed by the Emperor Charles IV. on Frederick of Hohenzollern, and is the center round which the Kingdom of The town of Branden- Prussia grew. burg is on the Havel, 35 miles W. S. W. of Berlin. It is divided into three parts -an old town, a new town, and a cathedral town-by the river, and has considerable manufactures, including silk, woolens, leather, etc. Pop. about 55,000.
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Brandes
GEORG (bran'des), a Danish literary critic of Jewish family, born in Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 1842, where he graduated at the university in 1864. Several books on athletic and philosophic subjects brought on him a charge scepticism, which was not removed by of an epoch-making series of lectures, published under the title, "The Great Tendencies of Nineteenth-Century Literature" (1872-1875). His "Danske Digtere," a masterpiece of psychological analysis, appeared in 1877; but the hostility of his enemies induced him in the same year to leave Denmark, and settle in Berlin, where he published biographies of Lasalle (1877), and Lord Beaconsfield (1879). In 1882 he returned to Copenhagen, his countrymen having guaranteed him an income of 4,000 crowns, with the one stipulation that he should deliver public lectures on literature. His later works include "Den Romantiske Skole i Frankrig" (1882); a biography of Ludvig Holberg (1885), and a valuable study of Shakespeare, published in an English translation in 1899; "Main Currents of 19th Century Literature" (1906).
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Branding
an ancient mode of punishment by inflicting a mark on an offender with a hot iron. It is generally disused under the English civil law, but has been employed to punish deserters. It is not, however, now done by a hot iron, but with ink, gunpowder, or some other preparation, so as to be visible and permanent. The mark is the letter "D," affixed on the left side two inches below the armpit .
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Brandling
a species of fish, the parr or young of the salmon, so named from its markings being, as it were, branded. The name is also given to a small, red worm used for bait in freshwater fishing. German
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Brandt
SEBASTIAN, a author, born in Strassburg, in 1458; studied law and the classics at Basel, where he received permission to teach; and soon became one of the most influential lecturers. The Emperor Maximilian appointed him an imperial councilor. His fame rests wholly upon "The Ship of Fools," a satire on the follies and vices of the time (1494). Its distinguishing note is its abounding humor; but it owed its great popular success very largely to the clever woodcuts with which it was illustrated. It was translated into several European languages. The English translation by Henry Watson appeared in 1517. Brandt died in Strassburg in 1521.
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Brandywine Creek
in Pennsylvania and Delaware , is formed of two forks, the E. and W., which effect a junction in Chester co. of the first named State, and, taking a S. E. course, empties Here, Sept. 11, 1777, was fought a severe into Christiana creek at Wilmington. battle between the British and German the Americans numbering 13,000 men, troops, 18,000 strong, under Howe, and under Washington, in which the latter were defeated. The consequence of this battle was the occupation of Philadelphia by the British troops. born in Ohio in 1742. He participated
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Brant
JOSEPH, a Mohawk chief, in the campaign of 1755, and held the post of secretary to Col. Johnson, superintendent-general of Indian affairs. On the outbreak of the American Revolution, Brant raised an Indian force to opthe action of Cherry Valley. He tried pose the colonists, and was present at to prevent the confederation of the Indian tribes, previous to Gen. Wayne's them and the United States. Brant was, expedition , and opposed peace between however, a brave and intelligent chief. In 1786 he visited England, there published the "Book of Common Prayer," hawk and English, and collected funds and the "Gospel of St. Mark ," in Mofor an Anglican Church, the first erected in Canada West . He passed his last years at Burlington Bay, on an estate granted him by the British Government. One of Brant's sons commanded a mixed Canadian and Indian force during the War of 1812. He died in Canada, Nov. 29, 1807. entry of Brant co., Ontario, Canada; on
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Brantford
a town and port of the Grand river, and the Grand Trunk and the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo railways; 70 miles E. of London. The town is connected with Lake Erie by a canal. There are manufactures of metal and stone ware, machinery, agricultural implements, and other articles, and the town is the trade center of a large agricultural region. Brantford is the seat of the Ontario Institution for the Education of the Blind, and has several branch banks, and extensive railroad shops. Pop. (1918) 28,725. Oxford University, founded by William BRASENOSE , one of the colleges of Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton, in 1509. The origin of the name is doubtful , but there is a large college is very rich in endowments. nose of brass over the entrance. The distinguished himself in the Peloponne-
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Brary
a library founded at Oxford, England, by Sir Thomas Bodley, in 1597. The library was opened to the public on Nov. 8, 1602. The first stone of a new building to accommodate it was laid on July 10, 10, 1610. All members of Oxford University who have taken a degree are allowed to read in it, as are literary men of all countries. The Bodleian Library contains about 300,000 volumes and is particularly rich in biblical codices and rabbinical literature.
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