Borgia (CESARE bor'j a the natural son)
CESARE (bor'jē-a), the natural son of Pope Alexander VI., and of a Roman lady named Vanozza, born in 1478. He was raised to the rank of Cardinal in 1492, but afterward divested himself of the office, and was made Duc de Valentinois by Louis XII. In 1499 he married a daughter of King John of Navarre, and accompanied Louis XII. to Italy. He then, at the head of a body of mercenaries, carried on a series of petty wars, made himself master of the Romagna, attempted Bologna and Flcrence, and had seized Urbino when Alexander VI. died, 1503. He was now at tacked by a severe disease, but found means, indeed, to get the treasures of his father into his possession, and assembled his troops in Rome; but enemies rose against him on all sides, including the new Pope, Julius II. Borgia was arrested and carried to Spain. He at length made his escape to his brother-inlaw, the King of Navarre, and was killed before the castle of Viana, March 12, 1507. He was charged with the murder of his elder brother, of the husband of his sister Lucretia, etc. With all his crimes he was a patron of art and literature.
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Borgia (LUCRETIA daughter of Pope)
LUCRETIA, daughter of Pope Alexander VI., and sister of Cesare Borgia, was born in 1480. In 1493 she was married to Giovanni Sforza, Lord of Pesaro, but after she had lived with him for four years, Alexander dissolved the marriage, and gave her to Alphonso, nephew of Alphonso II. of Naples. Two years after this new husband was assassinated by the hired ruffians of Cesare Borgia. Her third husband was Alphonso d'Este, son of the Duke of Ferrara. She was accused by contemporaries of incest, poisoning, and almost every species of enormous crime; but several modern writers claim that she was maligned. She was a patroness of art and literature. She died in 1519.
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Borgne
an inlet of S. E. Louisiana. The Rigolets Pass opens to it a communication with Lake Pontchartrain, and it also connects with the Gulf of Mexico. Length about 60 miles; greatest width, 25 miles. DORGO, a name given to a number nd villages in Italy and southern Tyrol, and indicating the growth of the town or village around a castle or castellated rock, the original Borgo. Thus there are the Borgo, the N. part of Rome, GUTZON BORGLUM on the right bank of the Tiber; Borgo- Manéro, an Italian town, 20 miles N. N. W. of Novara, with 4,821 inhabitants; Borgo San Donnino, in the province of Parma, with 4,493 inhabitants, etc.
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Borgognone
AMBROGIO DA FOSSANO (borg-on-yō'ně) a Milanese painter of the transition stage between the old school and the great masters of the 16th century. His last and best work was the "Coronation of the Virgin" (1524), now in San Simpliciano, Milan. He died in 1535.
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Borgu
or BUSSANGA, an African state, attached by treaty, since 1884-1886, も to the Royal Niger Company, lying on both sides of the Niger river, and bordering on Gando and Illorin, provinces of the empire of Sok Sokoto. The country is generally level, but rises in the N. into lofty ranges of hills, and is very fertile and thickly populated. It was at Boussa, one of the chief towns, that Mungo Park lost his life in 1805. BORIC or BORACIC, ACID, an acid formed by dissolving boron trioxide (B₂O₃) in water. It occurs in the steam which issues from volcanic vents in Tuscany called suffioni, or fumaroles. These are directed into artificial lagoons, the water of which becomes charged with boric acid, and it is obtained from it by evaporation. Boric acid is supposed to on BN be formed by the action of water (nitride of boron), which is decomposed by it into boric acid and ammonia. Boric acid is a most valuable antiseptic, and is particularly useful as a dressing for a wound from which it is probable pyæmia will result. It has a very marked effect in subduing the attacks of disease germs on the mucous membranes of the body, and, used in due season, will avert many evil consequences arising from contact with bacilli.
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Boro Budor
the ruin of a splendid Buddhist temple in Java, Kadu residency, near the junction of the Ello and Progo, is the most elaborate monument of the Buddhist style of architecture anywhere existing. Javanese chronicles place the building of the temple in the beginning of the 7th century. Boro Budor is built on a low hill.
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Boro-Glyceride
a compound of boracic acid with glycerine, represented by the formula C₂H₂BO3. It is a powerful antiseptic, and being perfectly harmless is as useful in the preservation of food as in surgery, etc.
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Borodino
a village of Russia, 70 miles W. of Moscow; on the Kaluga, an affluent of the Moskwa. It gave name to the great battle fought between the French army under Napoleon and the Russian under Kutusoff, Sept. 7, 1812. The battle of Borodino was one of the most obstinately disputed in history, and the loss on both sides was almost equally great. Out of 257,000 men engaged, between 70,000 and 80,000 were killed and wounded. The Russians retreated on the following day, but in the most perfect order, and, therefore, claim this battle as a victory; but the French, who name the battle from the Moskwa, have always maintained a similar claim.
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Boron
one of the chemical, non-metallic elements. Boron is not found free in nature. It is found only in combination with other elements, as in borax or in boracic acid. Boron has an affinity for sodium. It was discovered in 1808. Prepared boron is a greenish-brown poder without taste or odor, but producing a stain on the fingers. Boron crystals are made by heating a boric compound with aluminum. The crystals thus formed are known as boron diamonds. These are transparent; they scratch glass, corundum, and the sapphire; and for brilliance and beauty they cannot be distinguished by ordinary means from carbon diamonds. See Borax 2026 Editor's Note: Boron's great gift arrived just after this entry: adding it to glass yields borosilicate , which barely expands when heated and so does not shatter at a temperature change — sold as Pyrex from 1915, and the reason laboratory glassware and baking dishes survive the oven. Boron also stiffens fiberglass and dopes the silicon in every computer chip. (Ed: BR 2026-06-18)
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