Bristed
CHARLES ASTOR ("CARL BENSON"), an American author, born in New York City, Oct. 6, 1820. He graduated from Yale University in 1839, and from Trinity College, Cambridge, England, in 1845. He traveled extensively in Europe, and was a frequent contributor to the magazines. Among his works are "Five Years in an English University" (1851); "The Upper Ten Thousand" (1852); "Interference Theory of Government" (1868). He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 15, 1874.
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Bristle
a stiff hair on a plant or animal. The stems of many plants are clothed with bristles that impede the advance of insects toward the flowers and tender parts. The Venus flytrap is surrounded by a row of bristles that serve to imprison the insect when the trap closes. The mouth of a flycatching bird is usually surrounded by a row of bristles that assist in catching insects, or, at least, in guiding the insect into the mouth. Many animals "bristle up" by erecting the long hair on the back and shoulders, giving them a ferocious appearance with which to daunt their enemies. Commercial bristles are obtained chiefly from the backs of hogs. The best are obtained from the gaunt hogs reared in the cold forests of Russia. North China markets 6,000,000 pounds a year. They fetch about 37 1/2 cents a pound. The coolies assort the bristles into several lots of from 2 1/2 to 6 inches in length, and tie them up in bunches about 2 inches in diameter. The Chinese workman is paid about four cents a day, and is expected to prepare half a pound of bristles daily. Fat animals, and those reared in warmer countries, have softer bristles. Bristles are much used to make painters' brushes, hair brushes, and by harness makers to tip the ends of their waxed threads. To "bristle up," a classical expression used by Shakespeare, signifies making a sudden show of courage.
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Bristles
the strong hairs growing on the back of the hog and wild boar, and extensively used in the manufacture of brushes, and also by shoemakers and saddlers. Russia, Germany, and in a lesser degree France, Belgium, and the Scandinavian states are large exporters of bristles. The supplies from the United States and East India have risen into importance within the last few years. The quality of bristles depends on the length, stiffness, color, and straightness-white being the most valuable. The best bristles are produced by hogs that inhabit cold countries.
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Bristol Bay
an arm of Bering Sea, lying immediately to the N. of the peninsula of Alaska, receives the waters of two large lakes, by which communication with the interior is opened up for a considerable distance.
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Bristol Channel
an arm of the Atlantic, extending between the S. shores of Wales and the S. W. peninsula of England, and forming the continuation of the estuary of the Severn. It is remarkable for its high tides. BRISTOL, or BRISTOW, DIAMOND, a species of rock crystal, sometimes , colored sometimes transparent. It is found chiefly in the St. Vincent rocks near Bristol, and is also known as Bristol stone.
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Bristow
JOSEPH LITTLE, American newspaper editor; born in Wolfe co., Ky., July 22, 1861. He was graduated at Baker University, Kansas, Ka in 1886; was clerk to the district court, Douglas co., Kan., from 1886 to 1890; owned and edited the Salina (Kan.) "Daily Republican" from 1890 to 1895; bought the Ottawa (Kan.) "Herald" in 1895; was private secretary to Governor Morrill of Kansas in 1895-7; and from 1894 to 1898. was secretary to the Republican State Commission of Kansas. Bristow was assistant postmaster-general from 1897 to 1905, and in 1900 was commissioned to superintend the investigation of Cuban postal frauds and the reorganization of the Cuban postal service. He again bought the Salina "Daily Republican Journal" in 1903 and continued editing it until 1909, when he was elected r, serving until 1915. United States senator, He was defeated for re-election and was appointed chairman of the Kansas Utilities Commission, on which he served until 1918. BRISTOW STATION (old form, now BRISTOE), a village in Prince William co., Va.; 4 miles S. W. of Manassas co Junction. On Aug. 27, 1862, a drawn battle took place here between the Fed eral army, under General Hooker, and a Confederate one, under General Early, and on Oct. 14, 1863, the Federal troops, under General Warren, repulsed with severe loss a Confederate attack under General A. P. Hill. BRITAIN. See GREAT BRITAIN.
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British America
. See Canada ; Nova SCOTIA ; MANITOBA, etc.
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British Gum
a substance of a soluble in cold brownish color, and very dry starch at water, formed by heating 600° F. a temperature of about
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British Spiritual Telegraph
Spiritualistic journal. (See Spiritualism .) Britten, Mrs. Emma Hardinge, afterwards Mrs. Hardinge Britten, was a distinguished " inspirational" speaker, a native of London, but whose first championship of spiritualism was carried out in America. In 1865 she came to Britain with the intention of retiring from active service, but was persuaded by the spiritualists there to continue her labours. Her eloquent extempore lectures, delivered presumedly under spirit control, dealt often with subjects chosen by the audience, and were of a lofty and erudite character. She was the author of a History of Modern American Spiritualism, and a careful, if biased resumé of spiritualism in all parts of the world, entitled Nineteenth Century Miracles.
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Brittania
This alloy as prepared by Koller consists of 85.72 parts of tin, 10.34 of antimony, 0.78 of copper and 2.91 of zinc.
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Brittany
the northwestern peninsula of France. When the Anglo-Saxons overran England, a large migration of Britons took refuge across the English Channel in the French province of Armorica. It was known afterward from the name of these settlers as Brittany. It formed one of the large dukedoms of France, and was at times almost independent. The inhabitants of entire sections of the country, especially along the west coast, still speak the Breton language. It is closely akin to the Welsh. The manners, dress, and folk lore of the people also indicate that they are British, not French. Of late education in the French language has been required in all schools. The Breton language and costumes will soon be of the past. See Normandy; Basques ; France ; Arthur ; King
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