Bourbon
CHARLES, CARDINAL, a French prince and prelate; brother of Antoine de Bourbon, born in 1520; uncle to Henry IV., King of France. He was Archbishop of Rouen, Legate of Avignon, cardinal, peer of France, and member of the Council. In spite of family ties he ardently supported the Guises and the League, and was declared by that faction heir presumptive to the throne on the ground that that his his brother Antoine, through heresy, had forfeited his claim. On the death of Henry III. he was declared King, as Charles X., and was recognized by a majority of the parlements. Yet he was all the while a prisoner at Fontenay-le-Comte, and died there in 1590.
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Bourbon Whisky
a term applied to Kentucky whisky, made from a mixture of corn, rye, and malt. In its distillation some of the oils and acids are allowed to remain. These, with age, undergo chemical action, and are converted into aromatic ethers.
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Bourdaloue
LOUIS (bör-dä-lö'), a Jesuit, and one of the greatest preachers France ever produced, was born in 1632. The extreme popularity of his sermons induced his superiors to call him to Paris where at their Church of St. Louis, his eloquence attracted crowds, and he became the favorite preacher of Louis XIV., who, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, sent him into Languedoc to convert the Protestants. Toward the latter part of his life he rarely ascended the pulpit, and devoted himself to attending the sick, visiting the prisons and other works of charity; and died in 1704 universally lamented.
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Bourdillon, Francis W.
Francis W. (1852-), an English poet. His published works are Among the Flowers, a translation of Aucassin and Nicolette, etc. He is best known as the author of the exquisite lines: The night has a thousand eyes, And the day but one; Yet the light of the bright world dies With the dying sun. The mind has a thousand eyes, And the heart but one; Yet the light of a whole life dies When love is done.
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Bourette
bur-ret', a general term including several novelty dress fabrics, the distinguishing feature of which is a knob or lump appearing at regular intervals over the face of the cloth. The knob is produced in the spinning process and may be of the same material as the yarn, or of different material and color.
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Bourgeois
a size of printing larger than brevier and smaller than type long primer, used in books and newspapers; now supplanted by 9-point type.
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Bourgeois
LÉON VICTOR AU- GUSTE, a French statesman, born in Paris in 1851. He received a careful education at the Lycée Charlemagne and was destined for the law, which profession he followed for some time, though his inclinations drew him more and more into the domain of politics. He rose step by step from minor offices until he became Minister of Public Instruction in the French Cabinet, 1890-1892. Following this, he held a place in many cabinets and was Premier, 1895-1896. In political life he has been a radical by conviction, but has shown great talent in conciliating diverse elements, so that he has occupied in French public life a rôle very similar to that of Henry Clay, "The Great Compromiser," in our own national history. He was a delegate to the Hague Conference, and it was the talent LEON V. A. BOURGEOIS shown and the experience gained in this connection that caused him to be chosen to preside in 1920 at the first session of the League of Nations. As one of the French delegates to the Peace Conference, he took a leading part in the discussions, and was a very influential figure.
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Bourgeoisie
a name applied to a certain class in France, in contradistinction to the nobility and clergy as well as to the working classes. It thus includes all those who do not belong to the nobility or clergy, and yet occupy an independent position, from financiers and heads of great mercantile establishments at the one end to master tradesmen at the other. It corresponds pretty nearly with the English term middle classes. Etymologically, the word refers to the old residing class of freemen or burgesses residing in towns. The word became generally employed by the Bolshevist workers in Russia to designate all classes aside from manual workers, especially those who possessed property. Thousands of this class were killed or deprived of their possessions in 1917-1921.
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Bourges
an ancient city of France, capital of the department of Cher, at the confluence of the Auron and Yèvre, 124 miles S. of Paris, formerly surrounded with ramparts, now laid out as promenades. It has crooked and gloomy streets, and houses built in the old style. The most noteworthy building is the cathedral (an archbishop's) of the 13th century, and one of the finest examples of Gothic in France. Bourges is a military center and has an arsenal, cannon foundry, manufactures of cloth, leather, etc. Pop. about 45,000.
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Bourget
PAUL (bör-zhā') a French novelist, born in Amiens, Sept. 2, 1852. After a brilliant course at the Lyceum of Clermont-Ferrand and the College of Sainte Barbe, he graduated with high honors in 1872. He began to write in 1873. He published three volumes of striking verse, "La Vie Inquiète" (1875); "Edel" (1878); and "Les Aveux" (1881). His "Essais" (1883) was the first indication of his strength. The second series, "Nouveaux Essais de Psychologie contemporaine" ine" (1886), (1886), increased his reputation. Bourget's first novel, "L'Irréparable" (1884), was followed by "Cruelle Enigme" (1885); "Un Crime d'Amour" (1886); "André Cornélis" (1887), and "Mensonges" (1887). These works gave him first rank among contemporary French authors. His intimate knowledge of English and Italian life, and his travels in Spain and Morocco, gave him the materials for "Sensations d'Italie" (1891), and "Cosmopolis" (1892), and he recorded his impressions (1894) of travel in the United States. Other novels are "Le Disciple," "Notre Cœur," "La Terre Promise," "Un Saint," "Antigone," "L'envers du decor" (1911); "La Crise" (1912). Their author was admitted to the Academy in 1894.
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Bourne
HUGH, founder of the sect or Ranters, born of Primitive Methodists in Staffordshire, England, April 3, 1772. life he visited Scot- In the course of his land, Ireland, Canada, and the United were at- States, where his ministrations tended with great success. He died in Bemersly, Oct. 11, 1852.
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