Bread Fruit Tree
the English name of artocarpus incisa, a tree of the order artocarpaceæ. It has pinnatifid leaves with sinuations, while the allied jackfruit, artocarpus integrifolia, as its name imports, has them, as a rule, entire. For the fruit of the bread tree see above. The wood is useful; the inner bark may be made into cloth; the male catkins serve for tinder, and the juice for birdlime, or as a cement for broken crockery. The tree grows in the South Sea Islands and in the East Indies. From the former place it was introduced into the West Indies, in 1793, and thence to South America.
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Bread Nut
the English name of brosimum, a genus of plants doubtfully placed at the end of the urticacea (nettleworts). The fruit of the B. alicastrum, or Jamaica bread nut, tastes like chestnut, and has been used to sustain negroes and others during times of scarcity.
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Bread Rasp
a rasp used by bakers in removing the burnt crust of loaves and rolls, especially of French rolls.
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Bread Room
a room or portion of the hold of a ship separated from the rest, and designed to furnish a place for the bread and biscuit on board.
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Bread Root
the English name of the psoralea esculenta, a papilionaceous plant with quinate leaves and dense axillary spikes of flowers. It is found in the Rocky Mountain regions. Its roots are sweet and nutritious, and are eaten like potatoes.
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Breadalbane
a Highland district in the W. part of Perthshire, in the center of the Grampians. It gives its title to the Marquis of Breadalbane, head of a branch of the Campbell family, who is the chief proprietor here.
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Breadth
a term used by painters and critics to indicate that artistic quality which gives concentration, repose and harmony of effect to a picture. In a work distinguished by breadth, the individual component parts do not force themselves unduly upon the spectator, the eye is not tempted to wander aimlessly from point to point of the canvas. The portraits and figure pieces of Rembrandt are typical and unsurpassable examples.
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Breakwater
a pier, wall, mole, sunken hulk, or anything similar, placed at the entrance of a harb harbor, at the exposed part of an anchorage, or in any such situation, with the view of deadening the force of the waves which roll in from the ocean. There are several notable breakwaters in this countryone of the longest and most notable being that in Lake Michigan, protecting the harbor of the city of Chicago. The Delaware breakwater in Delaware Bay, is built with sloping sides, being much broader at its base than on top. Other notable breakwaters are those at Cherbourg, France, and Plymouth, England.
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Breakwaters
PNEUMATIC to be paid by a sales tax, but this met with opposition, and on March 23, 1922, a bonus bill was passed by the House of Representatives providing for the payment of about $4,000,000,000 extending over a period of twenty years. Only a fraction of this sum was to be paid immediately in cash, four options being given, namely: service certificates, payable in twenty years, and with provisions for loans in the meantime; vocational training; farm and home aid; aid; and credits in the purchase of public lands.
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Breakwaters (II)
PNEUMATIC. (See PNEUMATIC BREAKWATERS.) BRITISH EMPIRE. Imperial conference at London (June 20-August 5, 1921). British foreign policy discussed by representatives of the dominions and India in conjunction with British Cabinet. Resolutions adopted for continued consultations concerning the foreign affairs of the empire. (See also INDIA, IRELAND, etc.) C CANADA. Baron Byng of Vimy governor-general (August, 1921). First general election since the war (Dec. 6, 1921), resulting in Liberal triumph. William Lyon Mackenzie King of Ontario new Premier; former Minister of Labor and member of Sir Wilfrid Laurier's cabinet. First full woman suffrage exercised in election. The 1921 census returns gave the population of Canada as 8,772,631, an increase of almost 22 per cent over the population in 1911.
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Bream
the carp bream, abramis brama. It is of a yellowish white color, which changes, through age, to a yellowish brown. The sides are golden, the cheeks and gill covers silver white, the fins, light colored, tinged, the ventral one with red and others with brown. It is found in deep waters and lakes. It is sought after by anglers, who however, consider the flesh insipid. Also the English name of the several fishes belonging to the family cyprinidæ and the genus abramis. The best known species are: (1) The bream or carp bream (A. brama), already described; (2) the white bream, or breamflat (A. blicca); and, (3) the the Pomeranian bream (A. buggenhagii). The species are found in , but are of this country and in Europe little value as food.
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Breast
FEMALE, or mammary gland, consists of a series of tubes radiating from a common center, the nipple of which is situated in an areola or dark colored patch. On the surface of the latter are several (from 4 to 10) sebaceous glands, which secrete an unctuous fluid to protect the skin of the nipple, which is very thin, from the saliva of the sucking infant. The milk tubes (15 or 18 in number) enlarge into sinuses, and pass each to a separate lobe or subdivision of the breast, where they divide into twigs and branches (the lactiferous ducts), which end in minute vesicles. The lobes are held together by fibrous tissue, and are well packed in fat, which increases sometimes to an enormous extent the apparent size of the organ.
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Breastwork
in fortification, a hastily constructed parapet made of material at hand, such as earth, logs, rails, timber, and designed to protect troops from the fire of an enemy. In architecture, the parapet of a building. In shipbuilding, a railing or balustrade standing athwartships across a deck, as on the forward end of the quarter-deck eck or roundhouse. The beam supporting it is a breastbeam.
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Breath
the air which issues from the lungs through the mouth and nostrils. For details regarding the organic machine on the action of which breathing depends, see LUNG. For the process of breathing itself see RESPIRATION. From 350 to 400 cubic feet of air are drawn into the lungs in 24 hours. The air expired is different, both in volume and composition, from that which was inspired. Each hour an adult man takes in 450 to 550 grains of oxygen, and emits in the same period about 632 grains of carbonic acid, about 45 to 50 grains of nitrogen, and 9,720 grains of watery vapor. Hence a continued supply of fresh air, laden with oxygen, is needful to maintain life.
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