Brunanburgh
the scene of a battle in which Athelstan and the Anglo- Saxons defeated a force of Scots, Danes, etc., in 937; locality very doubtful.
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Single-source entries: B (152)
These 13 listings are so strange that each appears in only one of the 7 encyclopedias we compared. They include such classics as Brunanburgh, Brunck, Brunhild.
Brunck
RICHARD FRANCOIS PHILIPPE, a French philologist, born at Strassburg in 1729, was in military service in the Seven-Years' War, but in 1760 devoted himself to philological studies. He was an especial student of the Greek poets and his editions of them are among the very best. His editions of the Latin poets are less valuable. He died in Strassburg, June 12, 1803.
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Brunhild
. See Nibelungen Lied
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Brunn
an Austrian city, capital of Moravia, on the railway from Vienna to Prague, nearly encircled by the rivers Schwarzawa and Zwittawa. It contains a cathedral and other handsome churches; a landhaus, where the Provincial As Assembly meets; and several palaces; and has extensive manufactures of woolens. It is the center of Moravian commerce. Near it is the fortress of Spielberg, in which Trenck and Silvio Pellico were confined. Pop. about 125,000.
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Brunne
ROBERT OF, the name by which ROBERT MANNING, a monk of the order founded by St. Gilbert of Sempringham, is usually designated. His monastery was in South Lincolnshire, near the modern town of Bourn and he lived in the reigns of Edward II. and Edward III. His chief work is his "Handlynge Synne," a free and amplified translation into English verse of William of Waddington's "Manuel des Pechiez." The purpose of the book was to convey religious instruction to the people in the agreeable form of moral anecdotes. He also made a new version in octosyllabic rhyme of Wace's "Brut d'Angleterre," and added to it a popular translation of the French rhyming chronicle of Peter Langtoft of Bridlington. Robert deliberately wrote in English instead of French, in order to reach the common people.
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Bruno
ST., the Apostle of the Prussians, born in Querfurt, in 970. He was of a noble Saxon family, converted the Emperor Henry II., and was assassinated by the pagans of Lithuania in 1008.
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Bruno
ST., the founder of the Carthusian order of monks, born in Cologne about 1040; died in Calabria in 1101.
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Bruno
GIORDANO, an Italian philosopher, one of the boldest and most original thinkers of his age, born in Nola, about 1550. He became a Dominican monk, but his religious doubts compelled him to quit his monastery and Italy. ly. He embraced the doctrines of Calvin at Geneva, but doubt and free discussion not being in favor there, he went to Paris. He gave lectures on philosophy and, by his avowed opposition to the scholastic system, made himself many bitter enemies. He next spent two years in England, and became the friend of Sir Philip Sidney. In 1585, he went again to Paris, and renewed his public lectures. After visiting and teaching in various towns in Germany, he returned, in 1592, to Padua, and went afterward to Venice, where he was, in 1598, arrested by the Inquisition and sent to Rome. He lay in prison two years, and, on Feb. 17, 1600, was burned as a heretic. His works in Latin and Italian are numerous, and abound in bold and noble thought and rich eloquence. Spinoza was indebted to Bruno for some of his theories. Among the works of Bruno are the following: "Della Causa," "Principio ed Uno," "Dell 'Infinitio Universo e Mondi," "La Cena delle Ceneri," "Specchia della Bestia Trionfante," etc.
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Bruno the Great
one of the most eminent men of his time, born about 925, the third son of Henry the Fowler. He became archbishop of Cologne, and chancellor of the empire under his brother, Otto I., and afterward, as a reward for his services, Duke of Lorraine. He strove to reform the monasteries and advance the love of learning among the clergy. He died in Rheims, Oct. 11, 965.
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Brunonian Theory
a theory, or, rather, hypothesis, according to which the living system was regarded as an organized machine endowed with excitability, kept up by a variety of external or internal stimuli, that excitability constituting life. Diseases were divided into sthenic or asthenic, the former from accumulated and the latter from exhausted excitability.
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Brunswick
one of the states of the German Empire . It lies about half way between Berlin and Cologne. The capital is the city of Brunswick. The population is about half a million. The total area is only 1,425 square miles. It is composed of eight districts entirely detached from each other lying on the map like a handful of islands surrounded by the territory of Prussia and other German states. The general nature of the country is not unlike that of Hanover and Saxony. See Germany 2026 Editor's Note: The duchy is now part of the German state of Lower Saxony, and the city of Braunschweig keeps the monument that defines it: the bronze lion set up by Henry the Lion around 1166, one of the first large free-standing statues cast in Europe since antiquity, still standing before the cathedral where he is buried. (Ed: BR 2026-06-01)
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Brunswick
FERDINAND, DUKE OF, fourth son of Duke Ferdinand Albert, born in Brunswick, in 1721. In 1739 he entered the Prussian service, was engaged in the Silesian wars, and in the Seven Years' War commanded the allied army in Westphalia. He drove the French from lower Saxony, Hesse and Westphalia, and was victorious at Crefeld and Minden. After the peace he retired to Brunswick, and died in 1792. 1
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Brunswick (Capital is on the Ocker)
the capital, is on the Ocker, in a level and fertile district, 143 miles W. S. W. of Berlin. It is supposed to have been founded in 861, by Bruno, Duke of Ostfalen. In the 13th century Brunswick became a member of the Hanseatic League, and soon attained considerable commercial prosperity, which declined with the decay of the League. The town is most irregularly built, with narrow and crooked streets. The cathedral (1173-1469), and the churches of St. Martin, St. Catharine and St. Andrew, with its steeple 341 feet high, are among the principal buildings; the old Rathaus is a fine specimen of Gothic. In the museum are some notable antiquities and works of art, by Jan Steen, Albert Dürer, Holbein, Rembrandt, Raphael, Guido Reni, Ruysdael, Michael Angelo and Benvenuto Cellini. The industry of the town before the World War consisted chiefly in manufactures of jute, woolen and linen, leather, sewing machines, chicory, beet sugar, tobacco, papier maché, and lacquered wares, and in publishing. A fine avenue of linden trees leads to the ducal palace, which, destroyed by fire in 1830 and 1865, was rebuilt in 1869. Pop. about 142,000.
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