Bartlesville
a city of Oklahoma, the county-seat of Washington co. It is on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads. It is in the Mid-Continent Oil Field, the growth of which has been the most notable phase of the petroleum industry in recent years. The town has a library, a court house, an Elks Home, me , city hall, and other public buildings. There are smelters of zinc and deposits of natural gas. Pop. (1910) 6,181; (1920) 14,417.
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Bartram
JOHN, an botanist, born in Chester co., Pa., March 1699; was called the "father of 169 23, American botany," and founded at Kingsessing the first botanical garden in America, Linnæus termed him "the greatest natural botanist in the world." He published "Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Diverse Productions, Animals, etc., Made in His Travels e from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario," and a similar volume on eastern Florida (1766). He died at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 22, 1777.
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Bartram, John
John (1699-1777), a Quaker farmer. A native of Pennsylvania. Bartram became interested in botany after he was twenty-four years old. He corresponded with the eminent botanists of Europe, to whom he was able to send many new plants to be named. Just imagine the interest with which he sent a new lady's slipper , Cypripedium acaule Ait., to the Kew Garden. Linnaeus pronounced Bartram the greatest natural botanist in the world. He turned his grounds on the Schuylkill River into a botanic garden. Bartram's garden, the first in America, with a stone house built with his own hands, is happily preserved in the park system of Philadelphia. Many of the trees have reached a gigantic size. See Philadelphia
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Barus
CARL, an American physicist, born in Cincinnati in 1856. He was educated at Columbia University and in Germany, and he took post-graduate courses at Brown and Clark universities. He served in various departments of the United States Government as physicist and became, in 1895, professor of physics at Brown University. From 1903 he was dean of the graduate department of that university. He was awarded the Rumford Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for researches in heat. He was a member of many important commissions on chemical subjects, and was a member also of many scientific societies. His writings include "Compressibility of Liquids" (1892); "Condensation of Atmospheric Moisture" (1895); "Diffusion of Gases through Liquids" (1913).
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Barye
ANTOINE LOUIS, a French sculptor, born in Paris, Sept. 24, 1795. He studied engraving with Fourrier and a goldsmith named Beinnais; in 1812, was a topographical engineer; in 1816 studied drawing with the painter Gros, and sculpture with Basio; and, in 1819, took the second prize for a "Milo di Crotona," which was awarded him at the Concours of the Beaux Arts. From 1823 till 1831 he worked under Fauconnier, jeweler to the Duchesse d'Angoulême. In 1831 he exhibited the celebrated "Tiger "Tis Devouring a Crocodile." He was an officer of the Legion of Honor, a member of the Institute, and a professor at the Jardin des Plantes. He died in Paris, June 25, 1875.
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Bascule Escapement
A form of chronometer escapement in which the detent is mounted on a pivoted axis. It is also known as the pivoted detent escapement to distinguish it from the spring detent.
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Base
in chemistry, a compound formed by a metal and oxygen; also, sometimes, hydrogen. Certain other elements combined with oxygen and hydrogen, or with hydrogen alone, form acids. An acid and a base unite to form water and a salt. Thus sodium combines with oxygen and hydrogen to form a base known as sodium hydroxide; chlorine unites with hydrogen to form an acid known as hydrochloric acid. Both the base and the acid named are liquids. They may be combined to form common water and the white powder known as common salt. Acids are sour; bases are bitter, slimy to the touch, and corrosive; salts are soapy or salty to the taste. The chief base-forming metals are: aluminum, calcium, gold, iron, magnesium, mercury, platinum, potassium, silver, sodium, tin, and zinc. A base changes red litmus to blue. See Litmus ; Acid ; Salt ; Alkali
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Basedow, Johann Bernhard
Johann Bernhard (1723-1790), a German author and educator. He was born at Hamburg. He died at Magdeburg. Basedow was educated in the gymnasium of his native town. He studied theology at Leipsic, but took up the work of tutoring young men. In 1767 he published a work, the name of which may be given to show the length to which Germans of that day carried titles,--An Address to the Friends of Humanity, and to Persons in Power, on Schools, on Education, and its Influence on Public Happiness, with the Plan of an Elementary Treatise on Human Knowledge. It was Basedow's ambition to establish a model school in which young teachers could be trained to carry his ideas abroad throughout Germany, the education of which he proposed to reform. In 1774 he published Elementary Work, an exposition of his ideas for the education of young children. The central thought was that children should be made to understand by seeing, hearing, feeling, and touching; or, to state the idea otherwise, to study things, and not mere words. A subscription enabled him to set up his model institute at Dessau. Basedow, however, had more temper than tact. He quarreled with his fellow teachers and left them to close up the institution. His institute at Dessau, however, is regarded as having prepared the way for the German system of normal schools.
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Bashan
a rich, hilly district, lying E. of the Jordan, and between the mountains of Hermon on the N., and those of Gilead and Ammon on the S. The country takes its name ("fat," "fruitful") from its soft and sandy soil. It is celebrated in Scripture for its stately oaks, fine breeds of cattle, and rich pasturage. Modern travelers describe the country as still abounding with verdant and fertile meadows. Bashan was assigned, after the conquest of Og and his people, to the half tribe of Manasseh. From it came the Greek name Batanæa, in modern Arabic El-Bottein. But this latter only included its S. part. The ancient Bashan covered the Roman provinces named Gaulonites, Trachonites, Auranites, Batanæa, and Ituræa.
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