Baillie
JOANNA, a Scottish author, born at Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Sept. 11, 1762; removed in early life to London. Here in 1798 she published her first work, entitled "A Series of Plays," in which she attempted to delineate the stronger passions by making each passion the subject of a play. The series was followed up by a second volume in 1802, and a third in 1812. A second series appeared in 1836, and a complete edition of her whole dramatic works in 1850. She also published a volume of miscellaneous poetry, in 1841. Her only plays performed on the stage were a tragedy, the "Family Legend," and "De Montfort." She died in Hempstead, Feb. 23, 1851. BAIREUTH. See BAYREUTH.
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Baillie, Joanna
Joanna (1762-1851), a Scottish poet born on the banks of the Clyde. The greater part of her life was spent in a cottage at Hampstead, on the outskirts of London. She was a warm friend of Sir Walter Scott. We omit the particulars of not a mean literary career in order to give her Scotch Fisherman's Song entire: O swiftly glides the bonny boat Just parted from the shore, And to the fishers' chorus-note Soft moves the dripping oar. Their toils are borne with lightsome cheer; And ever may they speed, Who feeble age and helpmates dear And tender bairnies feed. We cast our lines in Largo Bay; Our nets are floating wide; Our bonny boat, with yielding sway, Rocks lightly on the tide. And happy prove our daily lots Upon the summer sea, And blest on land our kindly cots, Where all our treasures be!
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Bainbridge, William
William (1774-1833), an American naval officer , a native of Princeton, New Jersey . He was connected with the payment of tribute to the dey of Algiers, and commanded the frigate Philadelphia that went aground in the war with Tripoli. He was held a prisoner until the conclusion of peace in 1805. During the War of 1812 he had the good fortune to command the Constitution in its famous fight with the Java, in which it earned the name of Old Ironsides. See Old Ironsides; Holmes
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Baird, Spencer Fullerton
Spencer Fullerton (1823-1887), a noted American naturalist. He was born at Reading, Connecticut. He held various positions in connection with the Smithsonian Institution , becoming its secretary in 1878. His writings on North American reptiles, birds, mammals, and fishes are standard works of reference in the department of natural history. Few men have been privileged to handle so much material new to science. Few men have had as adequate facilities, and few have done their work with equal enthusiasm and fidelity. Much credit for the success of the Smithsonian and its standing in the scientific world is due to Professor Baird. See Smithsonian
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Baja
a market town of Hungary, near the Danube, 90 miles S. of Pest. It is celebrated for its annual swine fair, and its trade in grain and wine. Pop. about 22,500.
an Italian seaport town, W. of Naples. It is the ancient Balae.
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Bakel
a town with a strong fort, in the E. of the French colony of Senegal, on the left bank of the Senegal river. Pop . about 2,000.
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Baker's Dozen
thirteen. An English expression said to have originated from the baker's precaution of throwing in an extra bun, lest he be caught at short weight and fined heavily.
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Baker, Sir Samuel
Sir Samuel (1821-1893), an English traveler. He was a native of London. He was educated as an engineer. In 1845 he was sent out to Ceylon to supervise the founding of an agricultural settlement and a sanitarium. Later he entered the Turkish railway service. In 1861, with Mrs. Baker, he left Cairo on a journey of exploration up the Nile. The first year he spent exploring the Blue Nile region. He then started across the country from Khartum and discovered Lake Albert Nyanza , March 14, 1864. From 1869 to 1873 he commanded an Egyptian expedition in central Africa , charged with the suppression of the slave trade and the annexation of territory to Egypt. He traveled extensively in Cyprus, Syria, and India. He wrote a number of works of more than ordinary interest, among others, The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon, The Albert Nyanza, The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, Cyprus as I Saw It in 1879, and a book for boys, Wild Beasts and Their Ways. See Nyanza; Nile ; Livingstone; Africa
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Bakersfield
a city of California, the county-seat of Kern co. It is on the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railroad and on the Kern river. There are several handsome public buildings, including a public library. The city is the center of a natural gas, agricultural, and fruit-growing region. It contains foundries and machine shops. There are important gold mines in the vicinity. There are also deposits of fullers' earth, gypsum, marble, salt, copper, borax, iron, and sulphur. Pop. (1910) 12,727; (1920) 18,638.
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Baking Powder
. See Bread
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Bakst
LEON NIKOLAJEWITSCH, a Russian artist, born in Petrograd in 1886. He studied art in Petrograd and Paris, and began his career as an artist in Moscow, where his treatment of political subjects in his paintings so displeased the Russian authorities that he removed to Paris in 1906. There he took up stage direction and his work as an original designer of stage settings created an immediate impression. He designed settings for several well-known plays and operas, including "Salome," "The Butterflies," and "The Orientale." He designed stage settings and decorations for many plays and operas given in New York and several exhibitions of his designs and drawings were held in that and other American cities.
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Bakunin
MICHAEL (bä-kö'nin), a Russian anarchist, the founder of Nihilism, born in 1814 of rich and noble family, entered the army, but threw up his commission after two years' service, and studied philosophy at Moscow. Having adopted Hegel's system as the basis of a new revolution, he went in 1841 to Berlin, and thence to Dresden, Geneva, and Paris, as the propagandist of anarchism. He was handed over to Russia, in 1851, by Austria, imprisoned for five years, and finally sent to Siberia. Escaping thence through Japan, he joined Herzen in London, on the staff of the "Kolokol." His extreme views, however, ruined the paper and led to a quarrel with Marx and the International. He died suddenly and almost alone at Berne, in 1878. He demanded the entire aboli tion of the state as a state, the absolute equalization of individuals, and the extirpation of hereditary rights and of religion.
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