Berlin (TREATY OF a treaty signed July)
TREATY OF, a treaty signed July 13, 1878, at the close of the Berlin Congress, which was constituted by the representatives of the six Great Powers and Turkey. The treaty of San Stefano, previously concluded between Turkey and Russia, was modified by the Berlin Treaty, which resulted in the division of Bulgaria into two parts, Bulgaria proper and Eastern Rumelia, the cession of parts of Armenia to Russia and Persia, the independence of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro, the transference of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austrian administration, and the retrocession of Bessarabia to Russia. Greece was also to have an accession of territory. The British representatives were Lords Beaconsfield, Salisbury, and Odo Russell. By a separate arrangement previously made between Great Britain and Turkey, the former got Cyprus to administer.
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Berliner
EMILE, an American inventor and telephone expert; born in Hanover, Germany, May 20, 1851. He studied at Wolfenbüttel and came to America in 1870. In 1878 he was made chief inspector of instruments for the Bell Telephone Co. He showed remarkable ingenuity and invented the microphone and the gramophone, and secured many patents on improvements to the telephone. In 1908 he turned his attention to aeroplanes and invented the lightweight revolving cylinder internal combustion motor which was extensively used. He wrote a number of articles on religious and philosophical questions.
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Berliner
EMILE, in 1922, in conjunction with his son, Henry A. Berliner, perfected the first successful flying helicopter.
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Berlioz
HECTOR (ber-le-ōs'), a French composer, born in La Côte-Saint- André, Dec. 11, 1803. He forsook medicine to study music at the Paris Conservatoire, where he gained the first prize in 1830 with his cantata, "Sardanapale." After studying in Italy, he began to produce his larger works, and was forced to defend his principles in the press. His chief literary works are: "Traité d'Instrumentation" (1844); "Voyage Musical" (1845); "A Travers Chant" (1862). The more important of his musical works are "Harold en Italie," "Episode de la Vie d'un Artiste," and "Le Retour à la Vie;" "Romeo and Juliette" (1834); "Damnation de Faust" (1846); ; the operas "Benvenuto Cellini," "Beatrice and Benedict," and "Les Troyens," "L'Enfance du Christ," and the "Requiem." He died in Paris, March 9, 1869. After his death his "Memoirs" appeared.
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Bermechobus
The supposed writings of St. Methodius of Olympus (martyred 311 A.D.) or the saint of the same name who was Patriarch of Constantinople and who died in 846. The real name of the work is Bea-Methodius, a contraction for Beatus Methodivo, which was misprinted "Bermechobus." The work is of the nature of a prophetic Apocalypse, and foretells the history of the world. It was handed down by the Gnostics and was printed in the Liber Mirabilis (q.v.). There are no grounds, however. for the supposition that the work should be referred to either of the saints above mentioned. It recounts how Seth sought a new country in the east and came to the country of the initiates, and how the children of Cain instituted a system of black magic in India . The author identifies the Ishmaelites with those tribes who overthrew the Roman power, and tells of a powerful northern people whose reign will be over-turned by Anti-Christ. A universal kingdom will thereafter be founded, governed by a prince of French blood, after which a prolonged period of justice will supervene.
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Bermuda Cedar
a species of cedar which covers the Bermuda Islands. The timber is made into ships, boats and pencils. The wood of juniperus barbadensis, the Barbadoes cedar, is sometimes imported with it under the same name.
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Bermuda Grass
a species of grass, called in Bermuda devil grass. It grows in the American Southern States and in southern Europe. It is much esteemed for pasture.
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Bermuda Hundred
a locality in Chesterfield co., Va.; the scene of a batin tle the Civil War between the Federal troops under General Butler, and the Confederates under General Beauregard. The battle was fought May 16, 1864, and resulted in a defeat for Butler.
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Bermudez
a state Orinoco and in 1881 from the former states and presthe Caribbean Sea, formed ent sections of Barcelona, Cumana, and Maturin. Area, 32,243 square miles; pop. about 360,000.
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Bern
or bounded on the N. by France. It is
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Bernard of Cluny
a French monk and poet who flourished in the 12th century, and is noted for his work "On Contempt of the World" (1597 ); but very little is known of the author's life.
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Bernardine
the name given to the Cistercian monks, a branch of the old Benedictines, from St. Bernard, who , entering the order, gave it such an impulse considered its second that he was founder. His Order was revived in 1664 by Armand Jean Bouthelier de Rance, and long flourished under the name of the Reformed Bernardines of La Trappe.
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Bernhard
Duke of Saxe-Weimar, a German military officer, born in 1604. He entered the army, and early distinguished himself. He joined the army of Gustavus Adolphus, in 1631, in the war against the House of Austria. He took part in the siege of Würzburg, assisted at the passage of Oppenheim , took Mannheim, and drove the enemy from the Palatinate. He began the conquest of Bavaria, completed the victory of Lützen after the fall of Gustavus, and drove the Austrians from Saxony . He afterward had a command subordinate to Marshal Horn. He took Ratisbon, which was soon lost, and, with Horn, was defeated at Nördlingen, in September, 1634. Soon after he accepted a subsidy from the King of France , and concerted operations with Richelieu. In 1638 he won the battle of Rheinfeld , and took Alt-Breisach. He died in 1639.
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Bernhardi
FRIEDRICH VON, a German general and author, born Nov. 22, 1849. His early education was thorough, both in letters and in military science. His chief claim to eminence lies in a book written by him in 1911, entitled "Germany and the Next War." Its importance has been minimized by the Germans themselves, but after the actual outbreak of the World War, it was more widely quoted from than any other German work and was accepted by the Allied nations as the most perfect embodiment of the callousness and cynicism of the German military clique that provoked the conflict . Bernhardi's book was characterized by keenness and ingenuity, and the course of the war showed that it contained some elements of prophecy, notably in the violation of Belgian neutrality ality and the extensive employment of the submarine. Other books by him are "How Germany Makes War," "Cavalry," and on "War of To-Day," but none of them attained the importance of the first. During the World War he commanded an army corps on the Belgian front, but never rose above mediocrity as a military leader.
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