Bourgeoisie
a name applied to a certain class in France, in contradistinction to the nobility and clergy as well as to the working classes. It thus includes all those who do not belong to the nobility or clergy, and yet occupy an independent position, from financiers and heads of great mercantile establishments at the one end to master tradesmen at the other. It corresponds pretty nearly with the English term middle classes. Etymologically, the word refers to the old residing class of freemen or burgesses residing in towns. The word became generally employed by the Bolshevist workers in Russia to designate all classes aside from manual workers, especially those who possessed property. Thousands of this class were killed or deprived of their possessions in 1917-1921.
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Bourges
an ancient city of France, capital of the department of Cher, at the confluence of the Auron and Yèvre, 124 miles S. of Paris, formerly surrounded with ramparts, now laid out as promenades. It has crooked and gloomy streets, and houses built in the old style. The most noteworthy building is the cathedral (an archbishop's) of the 13th century, and one of the finest examples of Gothic in France. Bourges is a military center and has an arsenal, cannon foundry, manufactures of cloth, leather, etc. Pop. about 45,000.
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Bourget
PAUL (bör-zhā') a French novelist, born in Amiens, Sept. 2, 1852. After a brilliant course at the Lyceum of Clermont-Ferrand and the College of Sainte Barbe, he graduated with high honors in 1872. He began to write in 1873. He published three volumes of striking verse, "La Vie Inquiète" (1875); "Edel" (1878); and "Les Aveux" (1881). His "Essais" (1883) was the first indication of his strength. The second series, "Nouveaux Essais de Psychologie contemporaine" ine" (1886), (1886), increased his reputation. Bourget's first novel, "L'Irréparable" (1884), was followed by "Cruelle Enigme" (1885); "Un Crime d'Amour" (1886); "André Cornélis" (1887), and "Mensonges" (1887). These works gave him first rank among contemporary French authors. His intimate knowledge of English and Italian life, and his travels in Spain and Morocco, gave him the materials for "Sensations d'Italie" (1891), and "Cosmopolis" (1892), and he recorded his impressions (1894) of travel in the United States. Other novels are "Le Disciple," "Notre Cœur," "La Terre Promise," "Un Saint," "Antigone," "L'envers du decor" (1911); "La Crise" (1912). Their author was admitted to the Academy in 1894.
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Bourru
A monkish apparition spoken of in many tales as that of an imaginary phantom which appears to the Parisians, walking the streets in the darkest hours of the night, and glancing in at the windows of timid folkpassing and re-passing a number of times. Nurses are wont to frighten their small charges with the Monk Bourru. The origin of the spectre is unknown.
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Boursa
the ancient Prusa, where the Kings of Bithynia usually resided, situated in Asiatic Turkey, at the foot of Mount Olympus, in Asia Minor, 13 miles S. of the Sea of Marmora. Broussa is pleasantly situated, facing a beautiful and luxuriant plain. It contains about 200 mosques, some of which are very fine buildings, also three Greek churches, an Armenian, and several synagogues. The population of Broussa is about 71,000.
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Bourse
an exchange where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for the transbusiness. It is used action of financial especially of the Stock Exchange of the great Paris. In In the United States exchange in Philadelphia is styled the Bourse.
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Boussa
or BUSSANG, a city of Africa, in the Sudan, on the Niger, 40' near where are rapids; about lat. 10° met N. It was here that Mungo Park his death in 1805. Pop. est. between 15,000 and 20,000.
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Boutwell
GEORGE SEWELL, an American statesman, born in Brookline, admitted to Mass., Jan. 23, 1818; was Legisthe bar in 1836; served in the State Governor of Masslature in 1842-1851; achusetts in 1851-1852; was an organparty in 1854; izer of the Republican the appointed the first commissioner of of Innewly established Department ternal Revenue in 1862; a Representative in Congress in 1863-1869; one of the managers of the impeachment trial of the President Johnson; Secretary of Treasury in 1869-1873; and a United States Senator in 1873-1879. Besides numerous speeches he published "Edu- ); cational Topics and and Institutions" (1859 several works concerning taxation, and "The Constitution of the United States at the End of the First Century" (1895). He died Feb. 28, 1905. 1,38 BOVIDÆ
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Bovide
a family of ruminating anmerely the oxen, imals, containing not in but many other animals now placed other families. It was subdivided into bovina, cervina, giraffina, moschina, and camelina; also, a family of ruminating animals, consisting of species with simply rounded horns, which are not twisted in sinuses. It contains the genera bos, bison, bubalus, etc. Ovibos (musk ox), genranked under bovidæ, is by some erally placed with the ovidæ. The oldest known are various species of bos, hemibos, and amphibos in the Upper Miocene of India. The genera bos and bison are found in the Pliocene.
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Bovillae
An ancient town in Latium at the foot of the Alban mountain, on the Appian Way , about ten miles from Rome. Near it Clodius was killed by Milo , B, C. 52. ennus. A general of the Galli Senones, who entered Italy, defeated the Romans, and marched into the city. The Romans fled into the Capitol, and left the city in possession of the enemy. The Gauls climbed the Tarpeian rock in the night, and would have taken the Capitol had not the Romans been awakened by the cackling of some geese, upon which they roused themselves and repelled the enemy.
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Boville (or Bovillus), Charles de
A Picard who died about 1553. He desired to establish in his work De sensu the opinion, anciently held, that the world is an animal,-an idea also imagined by Felix Nogaret. Others works by Boville are his Lettres, his Life of Raymond Lully, his Traite des douze nombres, and his Trois Dialogues sur l'Immortalitè de l'Ame, le Rèsurrection, et la Fin du Monde. Bowls, Magical (See Magic.) Brahan at Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1612. His Treatise on Dreams (Leyden 1639) is of great rarity.
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