Concordat
a compact, a convention, or an agreement entered into between the Pope and a sovereign prince or a government for regulating the affairs of the Church within the kingdom. A Concordat between Pope Calixtus II. and the Emperor Henry V. of Germany was agreed on in 1122, which terminated the fierce controversy about investitures, and still to a certain extent regulates the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany. In 1516 a Concordat took place between Pope Leo X. and Francis I., King of France, by which the Chapters were deprived of the right which they had formerly enjoyed of electing After the bishops of the several sees. much delay and royal importunity the French Parliament reluctantly registhis surrender of privilege on March 15, 1518. Omitting less interesttered ing Concordats, a celebrated one took place on July 15, 1801, between Pope gh Cardinal Con- Pius VII., acting through salvi, and Napoleon Bonaparte, then first consul. This engagement re-established the Papal authority in France, but placed the clergy, in temporal and in some spiritual matters, under the jurisdiction of the civil power. Other concordats with the French Government were on Jan. 25, 1813, and Nov. 22, 1817. On Aug. 18, 1835, a Concordat concluded between Pope Pius IX. and the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of Austria considerably increased the legal power of the Papacy in that empire; it was virtually abolished in 1868.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Concretionary Structure
a condition in rocks produced by molecular aggregation subsequent to the deposition of the strata, whereby the material of the rock is formed into spherules or balls, as in the concretions of magnesian limestone and the somewhat similar structures occasionally seen in certain tuffs and crystalline igneous rocks. Concretions are nodules, balls, or irregular masses of various kinds which occur scattered through the body of a rock, and consist of mineral matter which was formerly diffused through the material of the rock.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Condensation
the reduction of anything to another and denser form, as of a vapor or gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid; the passage of gases or vapors from the aëriform to the liquid state. It may be due to one of three causes: coolness, compression, or chemical affinity. When vapors are condensed their latent heat becomes free. The condensation of liquids is the reduction of a liquid to smaller bulk, with a proportionate increase in the specific gravity.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Condensed Milk
milk reduced greatly in bulk and rendered proportionately denser. GAIL BORDEN (q. v.) in 1849 invented a process for the condensation of milk, which has since been carried out extensively in the United States and Europe.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Condiments
or seasoning agents, are employed at table to impart a flavor to food. The principal condiments are butter and olive oil, salt, mustard, ginger, pepper, vinegar, pickles, sugar, and honey.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Conduit
a line of pipes or an underground channel for the conveyance of water. A space for the reception of electric wires or cables.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Cone-Shells
or CONIDE, a family so called on account of their form. All the cones have a similar external outline; the aperture is long and narrow, the head of the living animal is more or less lengthened, the foot is splay and abruptly cut off in front, the tentacles are rather widely separate and the eyes are placed on these organs. The textile coneshells, brought from Mauritius, a handsome species 4 or 5 inches in length, are marked with narrow, angular lines of dark brown, variegated with dashes of yellow and irregular white spots. The Admiral cone-shell is similar in appearance but smaller, and both species haunt the fissures and holes in rocks and the warmer pools in coral reefs. They all take a moderate range of depth, varying from 1 to 40 fathoms.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Conessibark
the bark of Wrightia anti-dysenterica, an apocynaceous plant of India, used as a tonic, a febrifuge, and an astringent in diarrhea.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Confederation
ARTICLES OF, a form of constitution adopted by the Continental Congress of the United States in 1777 and ratified by the colonies in the next four years. It provided for a Congress of one house only, in which each State should have one vote. This body was empowered to declare war and peace, make treaties with foreign powers, regulate the value of coin, etc., but as it had no power to enforce its laws upon the States, it soon fell into contempt and on March 4, 1798, expired by limitation under the provisions of the present Constitution.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Confederation of the Rhine
the league of Germanic States formed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806, and including Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden, Hesse- Darmstadt, the Kingdom of Westphalia, etc. It extended over 125,160 square miles, and comprised 14,608,877 inhabitants. The princes undertook to raise collectively a large body of troops in event of war, and established a diet at Frankfort; but the failure of Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 shook the structure, and the league soon after broke up. It was succeeded by a new league, the Germanic Confederation. See GER- MANY.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Conference
in diplomacy, a meeting of the representatives of different powers for the purpose of adjusting differences; also, an annual gathering of the ministers, now with a certain number of lay representatives of the several Methodist congregations, to deliberate upon the affairs of the religious denomination to which they belong; also a meeting not held at stated intervals, but arranged to adjust some difference which may exist betwen Churches or sections of Churches. Many conferences have taken place abroad between Churches or parties in Churches. Thus there were conferences between Lutherans and Roman Catholics at Ratisbon in A. D. 1601; one in 1685 between John Claude, of the French Reformed Church, and James Bénigne Bossuet, a Roman Catholic; and one at Thorn in 1645, with the view of reconciling the Lutherans and the Reformed Churches, but the conference to which the name is most frequently applied in England was that at Hampton Court. The Hampton Court conference was a conference between King James I. of England, immediately after his accession to the English throne, and the representatives of the Anglican and the Puritan parties in the Church, Church, which first met Jan. 14, 1604, and lasted three days.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia